Nail Structure and Growth Module 21
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Transcript Nail Structure and Growth Module 21
Nail Diseases & Disorders
Module 24 – 08’
Module 10 – 12’
Introduction
Nails are small mirrors of the general health
of the entire body
You must be able to recognize conditions
you may encounter while servicing clients
Infectious conditions should not be treated
by salon professionals
Normal healthy nail
– Firm
– Flexible
– Shiny
– slightly pink in color
– Some races have more yellow tones
Surface should be
– Smooth
– Unspotted
– Without pits
– No splits
The Nail
Onyx – composed of (protein) Keratin
Nail Bed – portion of the skin on which the
nail plate rests
Nail root – Matrix – where the nail is formed
Lunula – half moon – light color is caused by
the reflection of light where the matrix and
connective tissue of the nail bed join
Nail Body – Plate – rests on and is attached
to the nail bed
Nail Malformation
Matrix – if disease, injury or infection occurs,
the shape or thickness of the nail plate could
change
A nail can be replaced as long as the nail
matrix is in good condition
Nail replacement - 4 – 6 months
Nail Disorders
A condition caused by injury to the nail or
some disease or imbalance in the body
May have to refer client to a physician
Cosmetically improve certain nail plate
conditions if the problem/disorder is
cosmetic and not a medical disorder
Refer to physician
It is your professional responsibility and a
requirement of your license to know which
option to chose
Infected
Inflamed
Broken
Swollen
Did you know? PP 207
Bruised Nails
Blood clot formed under the nail plate (body)
forming a dark purplish spot
Cause: injury to nail bed
Treatment: gently and avoid pressure
Prognosis: grow out
Blue Nails
Discolored nails
Cause:
– poor blood circulation
– Heart disorder
– Oral medications
Treatment: regular manicures with polish,
tips or wraps
Prognosis: until cause is corrected
Ridges
Running vertically down length of natural
nail plate
Caused:
– uneven growth of nails
– Usually result of age
Treatment: carefully buff nail plate to
minimize appearance of ridges
– Ridge filler is less damaging - used with colored
polish
Prognosis: regular manicures to keep ridges
to a minimum
Corrugations (Seleronychia)
Wavy ridges
Cause: uneven growth usually from injury or
illness
Treatment: Carefully buff
Prognosis: until it grows out and illness or
injury is healed with no damage to the
matrix
Eggshell Nail
Noticeably thin, white nail plate (body)
More flexible than normal
Normally weaker & curve over free edge
Nail plate (body) separates from the nail bed
and curves at the free edge
Cause: improper diet
– Hereditary factors
– Internal disease
– Medication
– Nervous disorder
Treatment: use fine side of file do not use
pressure
– Fragile and can break easily
– Do not use heavy pressure pusher at the base
of the nail plate
– Nail is thinnest here and most likely to be
punctured
Prognosis: grow out after cause has been
corrected
Furrows (Depressions)
Lengthwise or across the nail
Cause: injury near or at the nail matrix
– pregnancy
– Stress
– Lengthwise
psoriasis
Poor circulation
frostbite
Treatment: Avoid use of metal implements
Prognosis: grow out if cause can be
removed
Beau’s Lines
Visible depressions running across the width
of the natural nail plate
Cause:
– Major illness or injury that has traumatized the
body
– Pneumonia
– Adverse drug reaction
– Surgery
– Heart failure
– Massive injury
– High fever
– Matrix slows down producing nail cells for an
extended period of time (week –month)
Treatment:
– Avoid use of metal implements
– Carefully buff
Prognosis: nail plate thickness usually
returns to normal after the illness or
condition is resolved
Hangnail (Agnail)
Cuticle split around nail – leaves a piece
(fringe) of skin
Cause: dryness
– cutting too much cuticle
– Carelessly removing cuticle tissue
Treatment: hot oil manicures
– NEVER cut the living skin around the natural
nail plate
– IT IS AGAINST STATE REGULATORY
AGENCY REGULATIONS
– Can lead to serious infections for which you and
the salon may be legally liable
Prognosis: heals when treated (if not
infection may set it)
Symptoms of infection
– Redness
– Pain
– Swelling
– Pus
Refer to a physician
Leukonychia
White spots
Cause: injury to base of nail
– Minor damage to Matrix
Myths:
– Vitamin or mineral deficiency
– Calcium or zinc deficiency
Treatment: polish
Prognosis: disappear as nail grows out
Melanonychia
Darkening of nail plate (body)
Black band under or within nail plate –
extending from the base to the free edge
Cause: localized area of increased pigment
cells
– Fairly common occurrence
– Considered normal in African Americans
– Could be indicative of a disease or condition in
Caucasians
Treatment: polish
Prognosis: grows out
Onychatrophia
Atrophy or wasting away of the nail
Cause: injury or disease
Treatment:
– file smooth with fine file
– DO NOT USE METAL PUSHER!
Prognosis: depends on how badly injured or
if disease is curable
Onychauxis
Hypertophy – overgrowth of the nail in thickness
Cause:
– local infection
– Internal imbalance
– hereditary
Treatment:
– if infected - DO NOT TREAT!
– If no infection - file smooth and buff
Prognosis: depends on cause, and how long it has
been left untreated
Discolored Nails
Nails that turn a variety of colors
– Surface staining
– Systemic disorder
– Poor blood circulation
Cause:
–
–
–
–
–
Surface stains from nail polish
Foods
Dyes
smoking
Internal discoloration due to
Biological
Medical
pharmaceuticals
Treatment:
– Colored polish
Prognosis: depends on cause
Onychophagy
Bitten nails
Cause:
– Chew the nail or hardened damaged skin
surrounding the nail plate
– habit
– stress
– nervous
Treatment:
– Enhancements
– Frequent manicures
– Care of hardened eponychium
– Improving health and appearance of hands
Prognosis: good if habit stops
Onychorrhexis
Abnormal brittleness or splits with striation
(lengthwise lines) of the nail plate –
appearing rough
Cause:
– Injury to Matrix
– excessive use of cuticle solvents/polish
removers
– Aggressive/careless filing
– vitamin deficiencies
– illness
– frequent exposure to strong soaps, harsh
cleaners
– Hereditary causes
Treatment:
– Can only be treated if nail is not split and
exposing the nail bed
– oil manicures
Prognosis: good over time with treatment
Plicatured Nail
Folded nail – 90 degrees or more down into
tissue
Highly curved nail plate
Cause:
– Injury that deforms the matrix
– May be inherited
– Leads to ingrown nails
Treatment: careful filing or physician
Prognosis: possibly need to see a Podiatrist
Nail Pterygium
Abnormal condition that occurs when skin is
stretched by the nail plate
Forward growth of the Eponychium
Cause:
– Improper cuticle care
– Serious injury – burns
– Adverse skin reaction to chemical products
Treatment:
– DO NOT USE METAL IMPLEMENTS!
– Gentle massage of cuticle creams/oils
– Hot oil manicures may be helpful
Prognosis: usually not reversible
** If irritated, painful or shows signs of
infection – refer to a physician
Note: - Pterygium is not normal – denotes
damage to the eponychium or hyponychium
Splinter Hemorrhages
Appearance of a small splinter under the
nail plate
– Positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth
Cause: physical trauma or injury to the nail
bed that damages capillaries and allows
blood flow
Treatment: colored polish
Prognosis: grows out as nail grows
Increased Curvature Nails
The greater the curvature of the Matrix – the
greater the curvature of the free edge
Range
– Mild
– Severe pinching of the soft tissue at the free
edge
Tile – Shaped Nails
Increased crosswise curvature throughout
the nail plate
Cause: increased curvature of the matrix
Treatment: none
Prognosis: irreversible
Trumpet or Pincer Nail
Edges of the nail plate curl around to form
the shape of a trumpet or cone at the free
edge
Cause: Nail bed becomes constricted and
may be painful
Treatment: carefully trim the margins of the
nail plate and file
– Extreme or unusual cases - refer to
physician/podiatrist
Prognosis: none
Nevus
Black or brown stain
Cause: birthmark/heredity
Treatment : polish
Prognosis: none
Nail Fungus
Fungi – parasites
– May cause infections of the feet and hands
Severe case: cheesy, sticky residue
progresses to a dry and crusty texture
Contagious
Transmitted:
– Unsanitary implements
– Work conditions
Fungi infections grow:
– Skin is warm
– Moist
– Dark
– (feet/shoes)
Possible to transmit fungal infections form
one client to another!!!!!!!!!
Proper sanitation and disinfection practices
– transmission can be avoided
Clients with suspected fungi infections
should be referred to a physician
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Discolorations between nail plate and
artificial enhancements
Naturally occurring skin bacteria can grow
out of control & cause an infections if
conditions are correct for growth
Cause:
– Contaminated implements (with large numbers
of bacteria)
– Large numbers of bacteria or fungal organisms
on a surface
– NOT result of moisture trapped between natural
nail plate and enhancement
– Water does NOT cause
Treatment:
– Remove enhancements; physician
– Proper cleaning of nail plate
– Proper sanitation
– Proper disinfection of implements
– Refer to a physician
Prognosis: nail could fall off
Bacterial infection
– Early stage: yellow-green spot
– Advanced stage: darker to brown/black
– Soften and smell bad
– Plate becomes sensitive to touch
– (goes from yellow – green – brown – black)
– Caution box page 649/210
– Table 24-1 page 648/Table 10 – page 211
Nail Diseases
Person’s occupation can cause a variety of
nail infections
Natural oils are removed by frequent
exposure to:
– Soaps
– Solvents
– Many other substances
Products should always be used according
to mfg. directions
If the mfg. recommends to wear gloves –
DO SO TO PROTECT YOUR SKIN!!!!!!!
Onychosis
Any deformity or disease of the natural nail
Onychia
Inflammation of the nail matrix followed by
shedding of the nail plate
Cause: improperly cleaned and disinfected
implements
Treatment : avoid pressure
Prognosis: grows out as infection is
removed
Onychocryptosis
Ingrown nail
Cause:
– poor fitting shoes
– Improper filing/cutting nails
Treatment :
– In no infection present – carefully trim corner of
nail in a curved shape to relieve pressure
– If infection is present – refer to a
physician/podiatrist
Prognosis: grows out when cause is
corrected
Onycholysis
Lifting of the nail plate from the bed without
shedding
Cause:
– Physical injury
– Trauma
– Allergic reaction of the nail bed
– Health disorder
– Aggressive filing – natural nail
– Improper removal of enhancements
– Improperly fitted shoes
Treatment :
– No infection or open sores – basic manicure or
pedicure
– Cut free edge short
– Infection present – refer to physician/podiatrist
Prognosis: grows out as trauma is removed
Onychomadesis
Separation and falling off of nail plate
Cause:
– localized infection
– Injuries to matrix
– Severe systemic illness
Treatment :
– Do not apply nail enhancements
– No infection or open sores – basic
manicures/pedicures
Prognosis: once problem is solved – nail
grows out
Nail Psoriasis
Non infectious condition that affects the
surface of the nail plate causing tiny pits or
severe roughness on the surface
– May develop yellowish to reddish spots under
nail plate – salmon patches
Cause: birthmark/heredity
Treatment : polish if no infection present
Prognosis: refer to a physician
Paronychia
Bacterial inflammation of the tissues
surrounding the nail
Redness, pus, selling around nail plate
Cause:
– Hands in water all the time
– Dry chapped hands from exposure to water,
detergents, harsh soaps
– Toenails – warm moist, environments
Treatment : refer to physician
– client can do at home
moisturizing hand lotions
Keep feet clean and dry
Prognosis:
Pyogenic Granuloma
Severe inflammation of the nail with a lump
red tissue grows from the nail bed to the nail
plate
Cause:
Treatment : refer to physician
Prognosis: none
Tinea Pedis
Fungal infection of the feet (athletes feet) –
ring worm of the feet
– Red itchy rash in spaces between the toes
– Small degree of scaling of skin
Cause:
Treatment : refer to physician
– Client – keep feet dry and clean daily
– Wear cotton socks
– Change shoes daily
– Over-the-counter antifungal powders
Prognosis: grows out when infection is gone
Onychomychosis
Fungal infection of the natural nail plate –
ringworm of the nails
– Whitish patches
– Long whitish or pale yellowish streaks within the
nail plate
– Free edge of the nail to crumble
Cause:
Treatment : none
Prognosis: refer to physician