Transcript Chapter 22
INFECTION CONTROL Chapter 22 OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Explain the meaning of infectious diseases. Differentiate between infection and colonization. List five stages in the course of an infectious disease. Define infection control measures. Name two major techniques for infection control. Identify three new elements of standard precautions. Discuss situations in which nurses use standard precautions and transmission-based precautions. Describe the rationale for using airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. Explain the purpose of personal protective equipment (PPE). Discuss the rationale for removing PPE in a specific sequence after caring for a client with an infection. Explain how nurses perform double bagging. List two psychological problems common among clients with infectious diseases. Provide at least three teaching suggestions for preventing infections. Discuss one unique characteristic of older adults in relation to infectious diseases. Infection Control Infectious diseases (diseases that spread from one person to another) ◦ AKA-Contagious or communicable diseases and community-acquired infections ◦ Persistence of infectious diseases-TB, gonorrhea, some forms of wound and respiratory infections have developed drug resistant strains ◦ The still current public health problem of AIDS, HIV, SARS and Drug resistant strains (MRSA) Facts and Myths About Transmission of HIV Infection Infection: condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a host Colonization: condition that results when microbes are present but host is without signs or symptoms of infection Pathogens & infectious diseases can be transmitted regardless if host is infected or colonized Progress of infections through distinct stages Question Is the following statement true or false? Colonization is a condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a host. Answer False. Colonization is a condition in which microorganisms are present, but the host does not manifest any signs or symptoms of infection. The Course of Infectious Diseases (page 468, table 22-1) Infection Control Precautions Infection control precautions: physical measures designed to curtail the spread of infectious diseases ◦ The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.CDC.gov) Infection Control Precautions (cont’d) Two major categories of infection control precautions (CDC recommended) Standard precautions: reduce transmission of microorganisms from both recognized and unrecognized sources of blood, body fluids (except sweat), non-intact skin, mucous membranes Transmission-based precautions: measures for controlling the spread of highly transmissible or epidemiologically important infectious agents Infection Control Precautions (cont’d) Transmission-based precautions (aka: isolation precautions) When standard precautions are not enough ◦ Airborne ◦ Droplet ◦ Contact New standard precaution recommendations Three new precautions: Respiratory Hygiene/ Cough Etiquette (using a tissue or other alternative, prompt disposal, hand hygiene, surgical mask, and distance) Safe Injection Practices (aseptic techniques: single-dose vials, single-use disposable syringe, and prevent the contamination of injection equipment and medication) Special Lumbar Puncture Procedures (person performing the procedure must wear a mask in addition to the usual PPE) Question Precautions that are used to reduce pathogen transmission from close contact, usually 3 feet or less, belong to which category of precautions? a. Droplet b. Contact c. Airborne d. Isolation Answer a. Droplet Droplet precautions are measures that block pathogens within moist droplets larger than 5 microns. They are used to reduce pathogen transmission from close contact (usually 3 feet or less) between an infected person or a person who is a carrier of a droplet-spread microorganism and others. Question Is the following statement true or false? Transmission-based precautions were formerly called universal precautions. Answer False. Transmission-based precautions are also called isolation precautions and are measures for controlling the spread of infectious agents from clients known to be or suspected of being infected with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens. Transmission-Based Precautions Infection Control Measures Personal protective equipment ◦ The purpose and characteristics of cover gowns ◦ Face-protection devices ◦ Gloves Personal Protective Equipment Infection Control Measures (cont’d) Personal protective equipment (cont’d) ◦ Removing personal protective equipment ◦ Disposing of contaminated linen, equipment, and supplies ◦ Double bagging Double-Bagging Technique Infection Control Measures (cont’d) Client environment ◦ Infection control room ◦ Equipment and supplies Methods of discarding biodegradable trash Removing reusable items Delivering laboratory specimens Transporting clients with infectious diseases Question Is the following statement true or false? Biodegradable trash can be flushed down the toilet in the client’s room. Answer True. Biodegradable trash is refuse that will decompose naturally into less complex compounds. It includes items such as unconsumed beverages, paper tissues, the contents of drainage collectors, urine, and stool. All these items can be flushed down the toilet in the client’s room. Psychological Implications Being attentive to client sensibilities Promoting social interaction Combating sensory deprivation Providing Sensory Stimulation Nursing Implications Frequently identified nursing diagnoses when caring for clients with infectious diseases ◦ The nursing diagnosis of risk for infection transmission Imparting of infection prevention teaching measures to client and family Preventing Infections General Gerontologic Considerations Susceptibility to infections among older clients due to decreased immune system function and inadequate fluid/nutrition intake Subtler symptoms of infections among older adults Infections more likely to have a rapid course and lifethreatening consequences once established General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d) Change in behavior and mental status can signal infectious process The high incidence of TB among older adults, especially those in long-term care Maintaining intact skin is excellent first-line defense against nosocomial infections Prompt perineal hygiene is best technique for preventing urinary tract infections