Transcript CSE 160 – Lecture 16

CSE 160 – Lecture 16
MPI Concepts, Topology and
Synchronization
So Far …
• We have concentrated on generic message
passing algorithms
• We have used PVM to implement codes
(simpler on workstations)
• MPI is a defacto standard for message
passing and introduces some important
concepts
Message Addressing
• Identify an endpoint
• Use a tag to distinguish a particular message
– pvm_send(dest, tag)
– MPI_SEND(COMM, dest, tag, buf, len, type)
• Receiving
– recv(src, tag); recv(*,tag); recv (src, *); recv(*,*);
• What if you want to build a library that uses
message passing? Is (src, tag) safe in all instances?
Level O Issues
• Basic Pt-2-Pt Message Passing is straightforward, but how
does one …
– Make it go fast
• Eliminate extra memory copies
• Take advantage of specialized hardware
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Move complex data structures (packing)
Receive from one-of-many (wildcarding)
Synchronize a group of tasks
Recover from errors
Start tasks
Build safe libraries
Monitor tasks
…
MPI-1 addresses many of the
level 0 issues
(but not all)
A long history of research efforts
in message passing
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P4
Chameleon
Parmacs
TCGMSG
CHIMP
NX (Intel i860, Paragon)
PVM
…
And these begot MPI
So What is MPI
• It is a standard message passing API
– Specifies many variants of send/recv
• 9 send interface calls
– Eg., synchronous send, asynchronous send, ready send,
asynchronous ready send
– Plus other defined APIs
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Process topologies
Group operations
Derived Data types
Profiling API (standard way to instrument MPI code)
– Implemented and optimized by machine vendors
– Should you use it? Absolutely!
So What’s Missing in MPI-1?
• Process control
– How do you start 100 tasks?
– How do you kill/signal/monitor remote tasks
• I/O
– Addressed in MPI-2
• Fault-tolerance
– One MPI process dies, the rest eventually hang
• Interoperability
– No standard set for running a single parallel job across
architectures (eg. Cannot split computation between
x86 Linux and Alpha)
Communication Envelope
• (src, tag) is enough to distinguish messages
however, there is a problem:
– How does one write safe libraries that also use
message passing?
• Tags used in libraries can be the same as tags used
in calling code  messages could get confused
• Message envelope – add another, systemassigned tag, to a message
– This label defines a message envelope
Envelopes
Tag 100, Src A
Tag 100, Src A
Tag 100, Src B
Tag 100, Src B
Tag 200, Src A
Tag 200, Src A
Envelope 
Envelope 
Context tag – messages received
relative to context
Communicators
• Messages ride inside of message envelopes and
receives can only match candidate messages
relative to an envelope.
• MPI implements these envelopes as
communicators.
• Communicators are more than just and envelope –
it also encompasses a group of processes
• Communicator = context + group of tasks
MPI_COMM_WORLD
• MPI programs are static – they can never grow or
shrink
• There is one default communicator called
MPI_COMM_WORLD
• All processes are members of COMM_WORLD
• Each process is labeled 0 – N, for a communicator
of size N+1
– Similar to a PVM group.
How do you build new groups?
• All new communicators are derived from
existing communicators
– All communicators have
MPI_COMM_WORLD as an “ancestor”
– New communicators are formed synchronously
• All members of a new communicator call the
construction routine at the same time.
• MPI_COMM_DUP(), MPI_COMM_SPLIT()
Communicators as groups
1
2
0
0
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3
2
1
0
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Running MPI Programs
• The MPI-1 Standard does not specify how to run an MPI
program, just as the Fortran standard does not specify how
to run a Fortran program.
• In general, starting an MPI program is dependent on the
implementation of MPI you are using, and might require
various scripts, program arguments, and/or environment
variables.
• mpiexec <args> is part of MPI-2, as a
recommendation, but not a requirement
– You can use mpiexec for MPICH and mpirun for other systems
Finding Out About the
Environment
• Two important questions that arise early in a parallel
program are:
– How many processes are participating in this
computation?
– Which one am I?
• MPI provides functions to answer these questions:
– MPI_Comm_size reports the number of processes.
– MPI_Comm_rank reports the rank, a number between 0
and size-1, identifying the calling process
MPI Datatypes
• The data in a message to sent or received is described by a
triple (address, count, datatype), where
• An MPI datatype is recursively defined as:
– predefined, corresponding to a data type from the language (e.g.,
MPI_INT, MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION)
– a contiguous array of MPI datatypes
– a strided block of datatypes
– an indexed array of blocks of datatypes
– an arbitrary structure of datatypes
• There are MPI functions to construct custom datatypes,
such an array of (int, float) pairs, or a row of a matrix
stored columnwise.
MPI Tags
• Messages are sent with an accompanying userdefined integer tag, to assist the receiving process
in identifying the message.
• Messages can be screened at the receiving end by
specifying a specific tag, or not screened by
specifying MPI_ANY_TAG as the tag in a receive.
• Some non-MPI message-passing systems have
called tags “message types”. MPI calls them tags
to avoid confusion with datatypes.
Why Datatypes?
• Since all data is labeled by type, an MPI implementation
can support communication between processes on
machines with very different memory representations and
lengths of elementary datatypes (heterogeneous
communication).
• Specifying application-oriented layout of data in memory
– reduces memory-to-memory copies in the implementation
– allows the use of special hardware (scatter/gather) when available
• Theoretically simplifies the programmer’s life
• How would you build “Datatypes” in PVM – sequences of
pvm_pack()
Introduction to Collective
Operations in MPI
• Collective operations are called by all processes in
a communicator.
• MPI_BCAST distributes data from one process
(the root) to all others in a communicator.
– How does this differ from pvm_mcast(),
pvm_broadcast()?
• MPI_REDUCE combines data from all processes
in communicator and returns it to one process.
• In many numerical algorithms, SEND/RECEIVE
can be replaced by BCAST/REDUCE, improving
both simplicity and efficiency.
Example: PI in C -1
#include "mpi.h"
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int done = 0, n, myid, numprocs, i, rc;
double PI25DT = 3.141592653589793238462643;
double mypi, pi, h, sum, x, a;
MPI_Init(&argc,&argv);
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&numprocs);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&myid);
while (!done) {
if (myid == 0) {
printf("Enter the number of intervals: (0
quits) ");
scanf("%d",&n);
}
MPI_Bcast(&n, 1, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
if (n == 0) break;
Example: PI in C - 2
h
= 1.0 / (double) n;
sum = 0.0;
for (i = myid + 1; i <= n; i += numprocs) {
x = h * ((double)i - 0.5);
sum += 4.0 / (1.0 + x*x);
}
mypi = h * sum;
MPI_Reduce(&mypi, &pi, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0,
MPI_COMM_WORLD);
if (myid == 0)
printf("pi is approximately %.16f, Error is
%.16f\n",
pi, fabs(pi - PI25DT));
}
MPI_Finalize();
return 0;
}
Sources of Deadlocks
• Send a large message from process 0 to process 1
– If there is insufficient storage at the destination, the send
must wait for the user to provide the memory space
(through a receive)
• What happens with
Process 0
Process 1
Send(1)
Recv(1)
Send(0)
Recv(0)
• This is called “unsafe” because it depends on the
availability of system buffers (pvm does buffering)
Some Solutions to the “unsafe”
Problem
• Order the operations more carefully:
Process 0
Process 1
Send(1)
Recv(1)
Recv(0)
Send(0)
• Use non-blocking operations:
Process 0
Process 1
Isend(1)
Irecv(1)
Waitall
Isend(0)
Irecv(0)
Waitall
Extending the Message-Passing Interface
• Dynamic Process Management
– Dynamic process startup
– Dynamic establishment of connections
• One-sided communication
– Put/get
– Other operations
• Parallel I/O
• Other MPI-2 features
– Generalized requests
– Bindings for C++/ Fortran-90; interlanguage issues
When to use MPI
• Portability and Performance
• Irregular Data Structures
• Building Tools for Others
– Libraries
• Need to Manage memory on a per processor
basis
When not to use MPI
• Regular computation matches HPF
– But see PETSc/HPF comparison (ICASE 97-72)
• Solution (e.g., library) already exists
– http://www.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/libraries.html
• Require Fault Tolerance
– Sockets
• Distributed Computing
– CORBA, DCOM, etc.
Synchronization
• Messages serve two purposes:
– Moving data
– Synchronizing processes
• When does synchronization occur for
– Blocking send?
– Non-blocking send?
» Dependencies on implementation
Common Synchronization
Constructs
• Barrier
– All processes stop, No information passed
• Broadcast
– All processes get information from the root
• How does this differ from a barrier
• Ideas on how to implement an MPI_BCAST?
• Reduction
– Data is reduced (summed, multiplied, counted, …)
• Ideas on how to implement MPI_REDUCE?
Synchronization Trees
• The topology of the messages that
implement a reduction is important.
• LogP lecture illustrated a tree that wasn’t
linear and wasn’t binary
– Major idea was to maintain concurrency
• MPI has many operations as synchronizing
so that implementers have a choice in
optimization.