Transcript Medical Imaging

MEDICAL IMAGING
By
Anuja Kulkarni
1000722132
LIST OF ACRONYMS
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CAT - Computed Axial Tomography
CT - Computed Tomography
DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
EEG - Electroencephalography
EKG - Electrocardiography
fMRI- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
JFIF- JPEG File Interchange Format
JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPIP- JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol
MEG - Magnetoencephalography
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NMR- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
PNG- Portable Network Graphics
RF- Radio Frequency
SSIM- Structural Similarity
INTRODUCTION
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Medical imaging as the name suggests is the technique and
process used to create images of parts and functions of
human body for clinical purposes.
It is a medical procedure seeking to reveal, diagnose or
examine disease. [1]
There are two types of medical imaging, they are Invisible light medical imaging- radiology /clinical imaging
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Visible light medical imaging- involves digital video or still
pictures that can be seen without special equipment.
IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES
Radiology: [2]
Two forms of radiographic images are in use in
medical imaging; projection radiography and
fluoroscopy.
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Figure 1: Digital Radiography
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND
FIDUCIARY MARKERS
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A magnetic resonance imaging instrument, uses powerful
magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei in water molecules
in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially
encoded, resulting in images of the body. [3]
Figure 2: fMRI scan
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Figure 3: Fiducial Marker
Example
Fiduciary Markers
Fiduciary markers are used in a wide range of medical imaging
applications. Images of the same subject produced with two
different imaging systems may be correlated by placing a
fiduciary marker in the area imaged by both systems. [4]
PHOTO-ACOUSTIC IMAGING AND
TOMOGRAPHY
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Photo acoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid
biomedical imaging modality based on the photo acoustic
effect. [5]
Tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or
slice, of an object resulting in a tomogram. [5]
Figure 4: Computed tomography of brain
CREATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES
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Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT,
MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D
images for the physician. [6]
To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then
combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can
then be manipulated by the physician.
Other proposed or developed techniques include:
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Diffuse optical tomography
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Elastography
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Electrical impedance tomography
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Optoacoustic imaging
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Ophthalmology
COMPRESSION OF MEDICAL IMAGES
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JPEG 2000 is the state-of-the-art image
compression DICOM standard for storage and transmission
of medical images. [7]
Figure 5: Comparison of JPEG2000 with JPEG [8]
COMPRESSION OF MEDICAL IMAGES
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JPIP (JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol) is a compression
streamlining protocol that works with JPEG 2000 to
produce an image using the least bandwidth required. [9]
JPIP has the capacity to download only the requested part
of a picture, saving bandwidth, computer processing on
both ends, and time. [10]
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF JPEG 2000 [11]
Figure 6: Block diagram of JPEG Encoder/decoder [11]
NON-DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
(NEUROIMAGING)
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Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental
circumstances to allow people to control outside devices,
acting as a brain computer interface. [12]
Neuroimaging falls into two broad categories:
• Structural imaging
• Functional imaging which is used to diagnose metabolic
diseases and lesions on a finer scale (such as Alzheimer's
disease)
Figure 7: 3D MRI section of the head [13]
PROPOSED WORK
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This project introduces the concept of medical imaging and
divulges into its technologies like MRI, tomography, ultrasound
etc. It will also compare the compression techniques of medical
imaging i.e. JPEG2000 and JPIP on the basis of their bit rates,
SSIM index [14], and complexity.
This project proposes to demonstrate creation of 3D images of
CT/MRI scan from a normal 2D image. It also shows some
circumstances of neuroimaging i.e non-diagnostic medical
imaging as in Figure 6.
REFERENCES
1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging
2.
L.F.Squire and R.A.Novelline Squire's fundamentals of radiology (5th
ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-83339-2
1997;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FMRI.jpg
3.
M. Xu and L.H. Wang ; "Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine". Review
of Scientific Instruments 77 (4): 041101. doi:10.1063/1.2195024; 2006
4.
G.T.Herman, “Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image
reconstruction from projection” , 2nd edition, Springer, 2009
5.
S.Richard., and C. Cobbold, Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound,
Oxford University press pp. 422–423. 978-0-19-516831-0
6.
A. Yamani; A novel pulse-echo technique for medical three dimensional
imaging; IEEE trans med imaging; Volume 16 Issue 6 Pages 938-942; Dec
1997
7.
A.Khademi and S.Krishnan ; Comparison of JPEG 2000 and other lossless
compression schemes; Paper in Engineering in medicine and biology
society (IEEE EMBS);2005
REFERENCES
8.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPEG_JFIF_and_2000_Comparison.png
(Figure 5)
9. eeweb.poly.edu/~yao/EE3414/JPEG.pdf (figure 6)
10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPEG_JFIF_and_2000_Comparison.pn
g (Figure 6)
11. Microsoft and NASA Bring Mars Down to Earth Through the
WorldWide Telescope (07.12.10) - NASA
12. A.G.Filler, “The history, development, and impact of computed
imaging in neurological diagnosis and neurosurgery: CT, MRI,
DTI: Nature Proceeding DOI: 10.1038/npre.2009.3267.5.Neurosurgical
Focus (in press); 2009
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging (Figure7)/ Picture
reference: sbharris on wikipedia
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_similarity