Transcript slides - Dr. Engr. Sami Ur Rahman

Visualization in Medicine
Course Introduction
Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
University of Malakand
Introduction
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 2
Medical visualization
Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 3
Scientific visualization
Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 4
Scientific vs. Medical Visualization
 SciVis
 Data exploration
(undirected)
 Testing a hypothesis and its
visualization
 Presenting results
 MedVis
 Check-up examination
 Verifying/extending a
diagnosis made based on
symptoms
 Providing visualizations for
treatment
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 5
Medical Visualization –what for?
 „The purpose of visualization is
insight, not pictures...“ (McCormick,
1987)
 Diagnosis
 Therapeutic decisions
 Intraoperative information
 Medical education
Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 6
Medical visualization system
Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 7
2D vs. 3D visualization
 Medical imaging started with X-ray 2D projection image of the body
 Tomographic techniques provide 2D slices
 Radiologists are familiar with 2D images
 Mental fusion to a 3D data set
 Inspection of each voxel in 2D slices
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 8
2D vs. 3D visualization
 3D visualization related to progress in hardware
development
 Better overview with 3D rendering
 3D visualization for radiologists in case of:
Abnormal spatial relations (e.g., vessels)
 Difficult scenery (e.g., fractures)
 3D visualization for therapy:
Surgical operation target is naturally threedimensional
 Dosis in radiation therapy is applied to a volume
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 9
Medical Image Modalities
Image Acquisition Techniques/Modalities
X-Rays Imaging
Fluoroscopy
Endoscopy
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional MRI
Ultrasound Imaging
Nuclear Imaging
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X-Rays Imaging
Most common medical imaging modality
Uses high energy radiation that penetrates
through skin and tissue but not through bones.
This produces a radiograph (2D X-rays image)
Areas like bone that absorb more radiation First Medical Image
Courtesy: University of
appear whiter while areas that the radiation Image
Freiburg , Germany
passes through appear dark
Wilhem
Rotengen
https://docs.google.com/a/uom.edu.pk/presentation/d/1sd8Qqro2
University Of Malakand | Department
of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur
Rahman
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ESxD-yueHtPG0AcpWYSRX6EcAhVgriEcOHY/edit#slide=id.p8
Fluoroscopy
An imaging technique used to visualize internal organs while
they are in motion
If an X-ray is a still image,
fluoroscopy is like a movie
The images are projected
onto a monitor
Very helpful for doctors
because they can see
exactly how an organ is
functioning
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman |Youtube.com
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Endoscopy
 Endoscopy refers to looking inside the body for medical
reasons using an endoscope
 Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are
inserted directly into the organ
 Endoscope: A device using fiber
optics and powerful lens systems to
provide lighting and visualization of
the interior of an organ
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 13
www.spikelight.com
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Also known as Computer Assisted
Tomography scans (CAT scans)
Uses x-ray equipment to produce
3D images by taking a series of
pictures from different angles
http://12000.org
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 14
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Using hydrogen atoms of water present
in body tissues
Excitation using radio waves
http://12000.org
Image formation from the de-excitation
Useful for imaging brain, liver, soft tissues
Used for diagnosing cancer,
brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases
en.wikipedia.org
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 15
Functional MRI
Technique for measuring brain activity
Can be used showing which parts
of the brain are involved in a particular
mental process
Uses the change in magnetization
between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor
blood as its basic measure
fMRI of the brain listening to sounds
(blue) and seeing pictures (orange)
Courtesy: Hannah Devlin, Oxford
University
FMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser
extent, in the clinical world
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 16
Ultrasound Imaging
Uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of soft
tissues
A transducer produces sound waves that enter the body and
are reflected back. This reflection creates an image
Ultrasounds are commonly
b
used during pregnancy to
study the developing fetus
3D ultrasound, 4D ultrasound:
Uses the 2D ultrasound images
taken at various angles
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University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group |bdfbuzz.wordpress.com
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Nuclear Imaging (NI)
NI looks at physiological processes (not anatomical structures)
Radioactive drugs that emit gamma
rays are injected into a patient's
bloodstream
The nuclear camera takes a
"photograph" of the gamma rays
Tells about the biological activity
Used for diagnosing cancer, heart
disease and kidney malfunction
NI scanners: PET and SPECT
University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 18
End