Transcript Abdominal quadrants

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
1
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
PART 3
The Human
Body:
An
Orientation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants


Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine
regions
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into
four quadrants
 Right upper and left upper quadrants
 Right lower and left lower quadrants
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominal Regions
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.12a, b
Abdominal Quadrants
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Figure 1.12c
Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopy – examining small structures through
a microscope
 Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam
of light (lower magnification)
 Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons
(higher magnification)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.13
Microscopic Anatomy

Preparing human tissue for microscopy
 Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
 Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical
structures
 Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
 Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules
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Microscopic Anatomy

Scanning electron microscopy
 Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the
beam to different extents

Artifacts
 Minor distortions of preserved tissues
 Not exactly like living tissues and organs
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Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical
Imaging Techniques

X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short
length
 Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense
structures
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.14
Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical
Imaging Techniques

Variations of X ray
 Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent
screen
 Allows viewing of internal organs as they move
 Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to
record organ movements
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Here’s the big question:
Can anyone diagnose
the condition of the
person on the next
slide?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) –
takes successive X rays around a person's full
circumference
 Translates recorded information into a detailed
picture of the body section
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging
provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
 DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries
that supply the heart or brain
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Advanced X-Ray Techniques


Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms
images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected
into the body
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is
probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves
that echo off the body's tissues
 Imaging technique used to determine the age of a
developing fetus
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces
high-quality images of soft tissues
 Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water
content
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.19a