Transcript Q - How many liters of blood does the adult human body

The Cardiovascular System
Q - How many liters of blood does
the adult human body contain?
A. 5 liters
B. 10 liters
C. 15 liters
A – A. 5 liters
5.3 quarts
7-8% of a person’s body
weight
Q - How long does a red blood cell
survive in the bloodstream?
A. 120 days
B. 1 year
C. Forever
A – A. 120 days
As red blood cells age, they are
removed by microphages in
the liver and spleen
Q – What is hemoglobin?
A. A chemical that stimulates the
production of blood cells
B. A molecule specially designed to hold
waste products and remove them from
the body
C. A molecule specially designed to hold
oxygen and carry it to cells that need it
A – C. A molecule specially designed
to hold oxygen and carry it to cells
that need it
 Hemoglobin is a protein that carries the
oxygen throughout the body
Q – What is a hematocrit?
A. The measure of red blood cells in
the blood.
B. A hormone that stimulates
production of blood cells.
C. The nucleus of a red blood cell.
A – A. The measure of red blood
cells in the blood.
 The ratio of cells in normal blood is
600 red blood cells for each white
blood cell and 40 platelets.
Q – How does blood get its red
color?
A. From proteins located in the bone
marrow.
B. From the waste products in the blood.
C. From the iron in hemoglobin.
A – C. From the iron in hemoglobin.
 Each molecule of hemoglobin contains
four iron atoms, and each iron atom can
bind with one molecule of oxygen.
Q – What is the function of white
blood cells?
A. To carry oxygen from the lungs.
B. To fight infection.
C. To create clots.
A – B. To fight infection
 White blood cells help fight infection
in the body.
Q – What does it mean when there’s
an increase of white blood cells in
the body?
A. There’s an infection somewhere in the
body.
B. Your body just finished fighting an
infection.
C. There’s no oxygen in the blood.
A – A. There’s an infection
somewhere in the body.
 A normal adult body has 4,000 to
10,000 white blood cells per
microliter of blood
Q – What substance makes up the
majority of plasma?
A. Proteins
B. Water
C. Electrolytes
A – B. Water
 Plasma is 90% water
 The other 10% dissolved into plasma are
materials such as proteins, electrolytes,
carbohydrates, cholesterol, hormones,
and vitamins.
Q - If you are a universal donor, what
blood type do you have?
A. Type A
B. Type AB
C. Type O
A – C. Type O
 People with Type O blood are universal donors,
because anyone can get a type O blood transfusion
 Someone with Type AB blood is a universal
recipient because this blood has no antibodies that
could react with donated blood
 More than a third of the US population has Type O+
Q – How does blood enter the
heart?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Superior vena cava & inferior vena
cava
C. Mitral valve
A – B. Superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava
 No blood gets into the heart
without passing through the
superior vena cava and the
inferior vena cava first.
Q – How many gallons of blood does
the heart pump in a day?
A. 20 gallons
B. 200 gallons
C. 2,000 gallons
A – C. 2,000 gallons
 2,000 gallons = 7,571 liters
Q – How many times does your
heart beat each day?
A. 1,000 times
B. 10,000 times
C. 100,000 times
A – C. 100,000 times
 The heart beats 100,000 times daily
to supply every cell in the body with
freshly oxygenated blood
The Cardiovascular System
Major functions of this system:
 delivers oxygen
 removes carbon dioxide & other waste
products
Simply, the important jobs of the
cardiovascular system is
transportation and to maintain
pressure.
Heart Anatomy
 Roughly the size of a clenched fist.
 Hollow and cone–shaped
 Weighs less then one pound
 Beats about 100,000 times in ONE day and about 35
million times in a year.
Heart Anatomy
Where is the heart located in
anatomical terms?
•Superior surface of diaphragm
•Enclosed within the mediastinum
•Flanked on either side by the lungs
•Anterior to the vertebral column,
posterior to the sternum
Orientation of the Heart
Apex – Bottom pointed part of
heart. Points toward the left hip
and rests on the diaphragm.
*Maximal impulse, where heart
sounds are loudest
Base – Points toward the right
shoulder and lies beneath the
second rib.
Coverings and walls of the heart
The lining of the pericardial
cavity is a serous membrane
called the pericardium.
The pericardium:
A. protects the heart
B. anchors the heart to the
surrounding walls
C. prevents the heart from
overfilling with blood
Heart wall
The heart walls are composed of three layers:
1. Epicardium – Covers the outer surface of the heart
(squamous epithelial cells)
2. Myocardium – Forms most of the heart wall, this is
the layer that contracts
3. Endocardium – Heart’s inner layer; bundles of
smooth muscle
Heart Wall and Coverings
Blood Vessels (Tubes)
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart
2. Veins carry blood toward the heart
**longest veins in the body are the great saphenous
veins (leg and thigh)
3. Capillaries - – a small blood vessel that connects an
arteriole and a venule and allows diffusional exchange
of nutrients and wastes
4. Arterioles – small branch of an artery that
communicates with a capillary network
5. Venules - vessels that carry blood from capillaries to a
vein
Chambers of the heart
- The heart has four hollow chambers.
- Two atria (singular: atrium);
pump blood into the ventricles
and receive blood returning to the
heart
-Two ventricles; serve as the
pumping chambers of the heart;
force the blood out of the heart
into the arteries
Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valves (AV valves)
Bicuspid or Mitral valve
- Left AV valve (located between the left atrium and
the left ventricle)
- Consists of two flaps
Tricuspid Valve
-Is the right AV valve (located
between the right atrium and
the right ventricle)
-Has three flaps
Semilunar valves
Pulmonic – at the base of the
pulmonary trunk; opens as the
right ventricle contracts
2. Aortic – at the base of the
aorta; it opens and allows
blood to leave the left ventricle
as it contracts
1.
Each set of valves operates at a different time.
1. The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the
ventricles are contracting.
2. The semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced
open when the ventricles contract.
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds
• Closure of the AV
valves create the 1st
heart sound (‘lub’).
• Closure of the
semilunar valves
create the 2nd heart
sound (‘dub’).
• Placement of a
stethoscope varies
depending on which
heart sounds and
valves are of
interest.
Circulatory System
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1.
2.
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Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that
extend between the heart and peripheral tissues
The vascular system has 2 distinct circulations:
Pulmonary circulation – short loop that runs from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Systemic circulation – routes blood through a long loop
to all parts of the body and returns to the heart.
Each circuit begins and ends at the heart, and blood
travels through these circuits in sequence
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit
must complete the pulmonary circuit before reentering
the systemic circuit
1-5
Pulmonary
Circuit
Right
Lung
4
9
5
6-10
Systemic 6
Circuit
10
1
4
5
2
6
7
3
8
1
10
Left
Lung
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Pulmonary circuit
- from heart
to lungs
back to heart
Systemic circuit
- from heart
to body
back to heart
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636
Blood from body
(systemic circuit)
Left ventricle
Aorta
Venae cavae
Left atrium
Blood to systemic
circuit
Right atrium
Pulmonary veins
Right ventricle
Lungs
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary Circuit
Right Side of the Heart (Pulmonary Circuit)
The blood coming from the body to the heart enters
through the vena cava and collects in the Right
Atrium, filling it up. This initiates a contraction of
the walls of the Right Atrium forcing the Tricuspid
Valve to open as the blood gushes to the Right
Ventricle. The Right Ventricle fills with blood which
forces the Tricuspid Valve to close and initiates the
muscle of the Right Ventricle to contract, open the
Pulmonic Valve and squeeze the blood through the
Pulmonic Valve and on to the lungs. This blood will
replenish itself with more oxygen and get rid of the
carbon dioxide and return to the left side of the
heart to begin another cycle.
Systemic Circuit
 Left Side of the Heart (Systemic Circuit)
The blood coming from the lungs to the heart
collects in the Left Atrium, filling it up. This
initiates a contraction of the walls of the Left
Atrium forcing the Mitral Valve to open as the
blood gushes into the Left Ventricle. The Left
Ventricle fills with blood which forces the Mitral
Valve to close and initiates the muscle of the Left
Ventricle to contract, open the Aortic Valve, and
squeeze the blood through the Aortic Valve and on
to the body. The blood coming out of the Left
Ventricle to the Aorta is under high pressure. This
pressure is enough to rush it to the different parts
of the body at high velocity and give its oxygen and
nutrients to the body tissues. The blood comes
back from the body to the right side of the heart.
Circulation – Roles of atria and ventricles
 The right atrium receives blood from the systemic
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circuit and passes it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle then pumps blood into the
pulmonary circuit.
The left atrium collects blood from the pulmonary
circuit and empties it into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then pumps blood into the
systemic circuit.
When the heart beats, first the atria contract, and
then the ventricles contract.
The two ventricles contract at the same time and
eject equal volumes of blood into the pulmonary
and systemic circuits.