Transcript TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT
Featuring
•Blood and Circulation
•The Lymphatic System
•The Immune System
• Transport
– The absorption and circulation of materials within an
organism
This involves both
Absorption – the movement of materials across the
cell membrane and
Circulation – the movement of materials within a cell
or between parts of an organism
HUMANS (Homo sapiens)- have a CLOSED
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The human CIRCULATORY SYSTEM consists of
two sub-systems which are the
Cardiovascular System &
the Lymphatic System.
(arranged in order blood flows within them)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD VESSELS:
1. Arteries- thick elastic walled
-Blood under tremendous pressure moving away from the heart
-arterioles are small arteries that branch off and lead towards the
capillaries
2. Capillaries-smallest vessels
-walls are one cell thick
-only allow one blood cell to pass through at a time for
exchange of materials between blood & body,
- INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF):
a fluid that helps move material between the capillaries & the
body cells
-precapillary sphincters are rings of muscle that control
the opening & closing of passage to the capillaries
3. Veins- thick walled less elastic than arteries
-Blood not under pressure
carrying blood toward heart
-veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood
venules are small veins that receive blood from the
capillaries merge to form veins
HEART
made of cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary muscle)
surrounded by pericardium (protective membrane)
4 chambers: 2 atria (receive blood) upper chambers of heart
& 2 ventricles (pump blood out) lower chambers
Septum- separates left & right sides of the heart
Because of the septum, the heart functions as a double
pump: right side sends oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood
to the lungs; left side sends oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood
to body
Valves- in the heart prevent back flow of blood cause "lub
dup" sound which can be heard with a stethoscope
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD THROUGH THE BODY:
1. Pulmonary Circulationthis pathway in the body carries blood between the heart &
lungs
2. Systemic Circulationa pathway that carries blood between the heart & the rest of
the body, excluding lungs
Types of Systemic Circulation
Coronary Circulation- Blood flows from the heart to the heart.
THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE:
Diastole- (relaxation)
is period of relaxation, atria are filling with the blood
Systole- (contraction)
is period of contraction, ventricle pumps blood out
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic System is a system of vessels that returns excess
fluid & proteins from the intercellular spaces to the blood.
Intercellular Fluid- is the fluid between cells & tissues,
medium for exchange of materials.
Plasma
the fluid portion of the blood which carries dissolved nutrients
within the blood and 'leaks' out of the capillaries into the
intercellular space
Lymph
is the fluid inside vessels of lymphatic system. It is formed
from the plasma that diffuses out of the capillaries and into
the the lymphatic vessels
Lymph Nodes
(glands)filter foreign matter from lymph, prevent cancer cells,
bacteria, etc. from entering the blood
-Also make white blood cells
Spleen is an organ near the stomach made of lymphoid
tissue that filters out bacteria & worn out red blood cells.
Some Malfunctions of the Transport System
1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES- are malfunctions
involving the heart and blood vessels.
a. High Blood Pressure- High blood pressure is the most
common form of cardiovascular disease characterized by
increased arterial pressure. This can be caused by a number
of variables including stress, dietary factors, heredity,
cigarette smoking, and aging.
High blood pressure can lead to damage to the lining of
arteries and a weakening of the heart muscle.
I. BloodA.(is a fluid tissue that has 3 functions) Transport,
Regulation, and Protection
-The average adult contains approximately 6 liters of
blood, if a liter is lost it considered to be life threatening
B. COMPOSITION of BLOOD
55% plasma
45% red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets
1. Plasmais clear, straw colored liquid
a. plasma composition: 90% water, 7% proteins
(albumins, fibrinogen, globulins), & 3% other (glucose,
amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, wastes)
2. Red Blood Cells (RBC's)also called Erythrocytes
a. Disked shaped
b. contain iron filled pigments called hemoglobin
which transports oxygen
c. these cells do NOT have a nucleus (this characteris
enables blood to be transfused to other people)
d. made in bone marrow of ribs, sternum, skull, pelvic
bone, vertebrae & long bones of limbs
e. RBC's are stored in the spleen which aids the liver in
destroying old RBC's
f. Anemia is a condition when a person has too few
RBC's or insufficient amount of hemoglobin
3. White Blood Cells (WBC's)also called Leukocytes
a. Larger than RBC's and protect the body from disease
causing organisms such as bacteria & viruses
b. contain one or more nuclei
c. made in the same places as the RBC's and also in the
lymph nodes
d. Leukemia is a blood cancer which involves the over
production of WBC's
2 basic types WBC's:
1. Phagocytic WBC's
= engulf antigens with pseudopods
2. Lymphocytes
= make antibodies to destroy antigens
antigens-
foreign bodies that cause an immune response;
mostly made of proteins such as bacteria or
viruses
D. CLOTTING PROBLEMS
1. Platelet and vitamin K deficiency both reduce the
body's ability to clot.
2. Hemophilia is a hereditary disease that lacks one of
the steps of clotting. (see steps above)
3. Thrombus is a clot that is attached to a vessel wall.
4. Embolus is a traveling clot (traveling thrombus)
5. Blockage of the coronary artery will lead to a
myocardial infarction.
6. Blockage of the artery that leads to the brain will lead
to a stroke.
BLOOD TYPING
There are 4 main blood types. Each blood type is
determined by a particular antigen (that is not the same
disease causing antigen) called agglutinogens of the
surface of red blood cells.
The plasma of human blood contains antibodies called
agglutinins.
Knowing your blood type is very important when it
comes to blood transfusions.
For example,
a person who is Blood Type A, can not receive blood
from someone who is Blood Type B,
because the B blood contains antibodies that attack A
antigens which are found in the person containing Blood
Type A.
If this were to happen, the blood would begin to clump
together which is called agglutination and the end result would
be death.
BLOOD TYPES
BLOODTYPE
ANTIGENS
ANTIBODIES
CAN GET
BLOOD
FROM:
A
A
Anti B
A, O
A, AB
B
B
Anti A
B, O
B, AB
AB
A and B
none
A, B, AB, O
AB
none
Anti A &
Anti B
O
A, B, AB, O
O
CAN GIVE
BLOOD TO:
DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
1. Skin
2. Acidic Stomach
3. Immunity
The ability of the body to resist a particular disease
In 1796, Edward Jenner developed a vaccine for smallpox. He
used a vaccine which consisted of a weakened or dead bacteria
or virus. In each case, the organism or poison can still act as an
antigen, but because it is weakened or modified, it can no
longer cause disease.
Bodies of Immunity, lie in the body's ability to distinguish
between itself & nonself
Pathogens
- bacteria, viruses & other microorganisms that cause disease
Lymphocytes
- (a type of white blood cell) are the cells of the immune
system that recognize specific antigens & either produce
antibodies or kill foreign cells directly.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes;
B-lymphocytes, or B cells,
and T lymphocytes, or T cells.
T cells derive their name from the site at which they are
made, the thymus gland.
B cells derive their name from the site at which they are made,
the marrow of bones.
Immune Response
- the reaction of the immune system to the presence of
foreign cells
TYPES of IMMUNITY
1. Inborn immunities
- are present at birth, some pathogens humans are
naturally immune to
2. Acquired immunity
- immunity develops over a person's lifetime
a. Active immunity
- body produces antibodies either as result
of or exposure to a disease [ex. measles or
vaccination]
b. Passive immunity
- "borrowed immunity" a person is given
antibodies from another person or animal
(temporary)
Specific portions of antigens that bind to the antibodies.
Several antibodies can bind to antigen
Mechanism of how antibodies work
Immune System Disorders
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Acquired means people pick up the disease from other
people. Immune deficiency means a breakdown of the
body's immune system.
Syndrome means a group of symptoms that indicate disease.
HIVHuman immunodeficiency virus attacks the helper T cells in
the immune system. This is the virus that leads to AIDS
Allergies
are an overreaction to an antigen that is NOT harmful to
our bodies, but our immune system doesn't see it that
way.
Pollen is a typical example which causes symptoms of
runny nose, swollen eyes, sneezing, coughing or a rash.
These symptoms are caused by the body's release of
histamine.
Histamine induces an inflammatory response, and to
defend this overreaction of the body a person will take
antihistamines to stop the release of histamines.
b. Heart Attack- Myocardial-infarction (heart attacks), as
they are
called, include:
1. Coronary Thrombus: Coronary Thrombus is a
blockage in the coronary artery or its branches resulting in
oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle. The deprived muscle
usually becomes damaged.
2. Angina Pectoris: Angina Pectoris is a narrowing of the
coronary arteries causing an inadequate supply of oxygen to
the heart muscle. Often, an intense pain radiating from the
chest to shoulder and arms is felt.
c. Heart Murmur- occurs when there is a hole in the septum
or any of the heart valves are damaged.
2. BLOOD CONDITIONS- Blood conditions are abnormalities
in the circulatory fluid.
a. Anemia: Anemia is the impaired ability of the blood to
transport sufficient amounts of oxygen. This can be due to
reduced amounts of hemoglobin and/or red blood cells.
b. Leukemia: Leukemia is a disease of the bone marrow
characterized by uncontrolled production of nonfunctional
white blood cells
Biology Trivia
1. Is the blood in your veins blue?
Deoxygenated blood found in your veins is NOT blue.
IT IS A MYTH that your blood turns blue when it
comes in contact with oxygen. The blood (oxygenated)
located in your arteries is bright in color, and blood
(deoxygenated) found in your veins is dark red in
color. The pigment of the veins gives these vessels a
bluish appearance
2.Why doesn't blood usually clot in your blood vessels?
Clotting normally doesn’t occur because the
lining of your vessels is smooth and
anticoagulants in the blood inhibit platelets
to form clots.
3. What was the name of the bacteria that was
responsible for the death of approximately 25 million
people in late 1320's?
Yersinia pestis was responsible for the Bubonic Plague
4. How did the bubonic plague get its name & why was it
nicknamed Black Death.
Bubonic Plague caused symptoms such as the swelling of
the lymph nodes which mainly occurred in the neck, groin,
and underarm. The swollen lymph nodes are known as
buboes, which is where the bubonic plague gort its name.
The skin on the plague victims appears to be a ghastly
purple color from dried blood under the skin. This blood
eventually turned black which is where the bubonic plague
was nicknamed black death