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Anatomically and Physiologically Based Reference Level for Measurement of Intracardiac Pressures by Michael Courtois, Peter G. Fattal, Sandor J. Kovács, Alan J. Tiefenbrunn, and Philip A. Ludbrook Circulation Volume 92(7):1994-2000 October 1, 1995 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of first hypothetical pressure measurement situation presented to clinical or research faculty members trained in cardiology. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of second hypothetical pressure measurement situation presented to clinical or research faculty members trained in cardiology. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Echocardiographic parasternal short-axis view for measurement of the highest blood level in the left ventricle. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Tracing showing a micromanometer left ventricle (LV) pressure signal aligned with a fluid-filled pressure signal recorded through the lumen of the micromanometer catheter. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of measured heights for an external fluid-filled transducer reference position relative to the anterior chest wall at a midchest level and at the uppermost blood level (H) in the left ventricle in seven patients. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Graph showing minimum left ventricular pressure (LVPmin) measurement error due to hydrostatic pressure influences attributable to a midchest reference position as a function of patient anterior-posterior (A-P) chest thickness. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of hypothetical pressure measurement situation demonstrating the relation between transducer position relative to uppermost fluid level in a cylinder and measured hydrostatic pressure. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of hypothetical pressure measurement situation illustrating the two components (siphon and hydrostatic pressure) that produced the pressure measurement reading of 10 cm H2O in Fig 2 (see “Discussion”). Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Schematic representation of hypothetical pressure measurement situation demonstrating the proposed pressure reference level for a fluid-filled catheter system that removes all hydrostatic influences due to the height of fluid within a vessel or chamber in which pressure is being measured. Michael Courtois et al. Circulation. 1995;92:1994-2000 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.