Transcript Chapter 5 - The Cardiovascular Systemx

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
SIXTH EDITION
CHAPTER
5
Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cardiovascular System at a Glance
• Functions of Cardiovascular (CV)
System
 Distribute blood to all areas of body
 Delivery of needed substances to cells
 Removal of wastes
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Cardiovascular System at a Glance
• Organs of Cardiovascular System




Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
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Cardiovascular Systems Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Cardiovascular Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
angi/o – vessel
aort/o – aorta
arteri/o – artery
ather/o – fatty substance
atri/o – atrium
cardi/o – heart
coron/o – heart
corpor/o – body
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Cardiovascular Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
embol/o – plug
isch/o – to hold back
myocardi/o – heart muscle
phleb/o – vein
sept/o – wall
son/o – sound
sphygm/o – pulse
steth/o – chest
continued on next slide
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
thromb/o – clot
valv/o – valve
valvul/o – valve
varic/o – dilated vein
vascul/o – blood vessel
vas/o – vessel, duct
ven/o – vein
ventricul/o – ventricle
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Cardiovascular System Suffixes
• –cardia
• –manometer
• –ole
• –spasm
• –tension
• –tonic
• –ule
heart condition
instrument to
measure pressure
small
involuntary muscle
contraction
pressure
pertaining to tone
small
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Cardiovascular System Prefixes
• di-
two
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Anatomy and Physiology
of the Cardiovascular System
• Also called circulatory system
• Maintains distribution of blood
throughout body
• Delivers oxygen and nutrients like
glucose and amino acids to cells
• Picks up carbon dioxide and other
waste products from cells and
delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for
elimination
continued on next slide
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Anatomy and Physiology
of the Cardiovascular System
• Is composed of:
 Heart
 Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Divided into pulmonary circulation
and systemic circulation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Systemic Circulation
• Between heart and cells of body
• Carries oxygenated blood away from
left side of heart to body
• Carries deoxygenated blood from body
to right side of heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
• Between heart and lungs
• Carries deoxygenated blood away from
right side of heart to lungs
• Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to
left side of heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 5.1
A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up
oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Heart
• Muscular pump
• Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
• Could be called a muscle instead of an
organ
• Beats an average of 60–100 beats per
minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times
a day
continued on next slide
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Heart
• Each time the muscle contracts:
 Blood is ejected from heart
 Pushed throughout body within blood
vessels
continued on next slide
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Heart
• Located in the mediastinum
 More to left side of chest
 Directly behind sternum
• About size of a fist
• Shaped like upside-down pear
• Tip of heart at lower edge called the
apex
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Figure 5.2
Location of the heart within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Heart Layers
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
• Inner layer
• Lines heart
chambers
• Smooth, thin
layer that
reduces friction
as the blood
passes through
heart chambers
• Middle layer
• Thick muscle
• Contraction of
this layer
develops the
pressure
required to
pump blood
through blood
vessels
• Outer layer
• Forms the
visceral layer of
pericardial sac
• Fluid between
layers of
pericardial sac
reduces friction
as heart beats
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Figure 5.3
Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood
vessels associated with the heart.
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Heart Chambers
• Divided into four chambers
 Two atria
 Two ventricles
• Heart is divided into right and left sides
by walls called the interatrial septum
and interventricular septum.
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Atria
• Left and right upper chambers
• Receiving chambers
• Blood returns to atria in veins
 Superior and inferior vena cava
 Pulmonary veins
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Ventricles
• Left and right lower chambers
• Pumping chambers
 Thick myocardium
• Blood exits ventricles into arteries
 Aorta
 Pulmonary artery
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Heart Valves
• Four valves in heart




Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic
continued on next slide
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Heart Valves
• Act as restraining gates to control
direction of blood flow
• Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
• Allow blood to flow only in forward
direction by blocking it from returning
to previous chamber
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Tricuspid Valve
• An atrioventricular valve
• Between right atrium and ventricle
 Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
continued on next slide
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Tricuspid Valve
• Has 3 leaflets or cusps
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Pulmonary Valve
• A semilunar valve
 Valve looks like half moon
• Between right ventricle and pulmonary
artery
• Prevents blood in artery from flowing
back into ventricle
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Mitral Valve
• An atrioventricular valve
• Between left atrium and ventricle
• Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
continued on next slide
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Mitral Valve
• Also called bicuspid valve
• Has two cusps
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Aortic Valve
• A semilunar valve
• Between left ventricle and aorta
• Prevents blood in aorta from flowing
back into ventricle
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Figure 5.4
Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve.
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters
relaxed right atrium via two large
veins called:
 Superior vena cava
 Inferior vena cava
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
2. Right atrium contracts
 Blood flows through tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
3. Right ventricle contracts
 Blood is pumped through pulmonary
valve into pulmonary artery
 Carries blood to lungs
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that
has been oxygenated by lungs
 Blood enters left atrium from the four
pulmonary veins
continued on next slide
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
5. Left atrium contracts
 Blood flows through mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle
continued on next slide
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
6. Left ventricle contracts
 Blood is pumped through the aortic
valve and into aorta
 Largest artery in the body
 Carries blood to all parts of body
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Systole and Diastole
• Heart chambers alternate between:
 Relaxing to fill
 Contracting to push blood forward
• Relaxation phase is diastole
• Contraction phase is systole
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Figure 5.5
The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart,
including the veins delivering blood to the heart and arteries receiving blood ejected from
the heart.
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Conduction System of the Heart
• Autonomic nervous system controls
heart rate
 Therefore, no voluntary control over
heart
• Special heart tissue conducts electrical
impulses
 Stimulate different chambers to contract
in correct order
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Conduction System of the Heart
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or
pacemaker, is where electrical
impulse begins
 From SA node a wave of electricity
travels through atria
 Causing them to contract, or go into
systole
continued on next slide
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Conduction System of the Heart
2. Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is
stimulated
3. This node transfers stimulation wave
to atrioventricular bundle (formerly
bundle of His)
continued on next slide
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Conduction System of the Heart
4. Electrical wave travels down bundle
branches within interventricular
septum
continued on next slide
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Conduction System of the Heart
5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular
myocardium are stimulated
1. Results in ventricular systole
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Figure 5.6
The conduction system of the heart; traces the path of the electrical impulse that
stimulates the heart chambers to contract in the correct sequence.
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Figure 5.7
An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave record of the electrical signal as it moves through the
conduction system of the heart. This signal stimulates the chambers of the heart to
contract and relax in the proper sequence.
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Blood Vessels
• Pipes that circulate blood through body
• Three types:
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
• Lumen is the channel within blood
vessels
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Figure 5.8
Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
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Arteries
• Large thick-walled vessels
• Wall contains smooth muscle and can
dilate or constrict
• As coronary arteries arteries travel
through body they branch into
progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles.
continued on next slide
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Arteries
• Carry blood away from heart
 Towards either lungs or cells and tissues
of body
 Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated
blood to lungs
 Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
• Coronary arteries supply myocardium
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Figure 5.9
The coronary arteries.
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Figure 5.10
The major arteries of the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Capillaries
• Network of tiny, thin-walled blood
vessels called a capillary bed
• Connecting unit between arteries and
veins
 Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
 Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
• Location for:
 Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
 Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
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Veins
• Much thinner walls than arteries
• Much lower pressure system than in
arteries
 Have valves to insure blood flows only
towards heart
 Squeezing by skeletal muscles also
assists blood return to heart
• Smallest veins are called venules
continued on next slide
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Veins
• Carry blood towards the heart
 From either the lungs or the cells and
tissues of body
 Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from lungs
 Superior and inferior vena cava carry
deoxygenated blood from body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Pulse and Blood Pressure
• Measurement of force exerted by blood
against walls of a vessel
• May be affected by several
characteristics of blood and blood
vessels
 Elasticity of arteries
 Diameter of blood vessels
 Viscosity of blood
continued on next slide
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Pulse and Blood Pressure
• May be affected by several
characteristics of blood and blood
vessels
 Volume of blood
 Amount of resistance to blood flow
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Pulse and Blood Pressure
• During ventricular systole
 Blood is under great pressure
 Gives highest pressure, systolic
 Top number of blood pressure reading
• Pulse felt at wrist or throat is the surge
of blood caused by the heart
contraction.
continued on next slide
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Pulse and Blood Pressure
• During ventricular diastole
 Blood isn't being pushed from heart at
all
 Blood pressure drops to lowest point,
diastolic
 Bottom number of blood pressure
reading
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Figure 5.11
The major veins of the body.
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Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
angi/o – vessel
aort/o – aorta
arteri/o – artery
ather/o – fatty substance
atri/o – atrium
cardi/o – heart
coron/o – heart
copor/o – body
continued on next slide
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Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
cutane/o – skin
cyan/o – blue
duct/o – to bring
electr/o – electricity
embol/o – plug
hem/o – blood
isch/o – to hold back
lip/o – fat
continued on next slide
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Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
my/o – muscle
myocardi/o – heart muscle
orth/o – straight
pector/o – chest
peripher/o – away from center
phleb/o – vein
pulmon/o – lung
sept/o – wall
continued on next slide
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All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
son/o – sound
sphygm/o – pulse
steth/o – chest
thromb/o – clot
valv/o – valve
valvul/o – valve
varic/o – dilated vein
vas/o – vessel
continued on next slide
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Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
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Additional Combining Forms
• vascul/o – blood vessel
• ven/o – vein
• ventricul/o – ventricle
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
-ac
-al
-ar
-ary
-eal
pertaining
pertaining
pertaining
pertaining
pertaining
to
to
to
to
to
continued on next slide
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
-ectomy
-gram
-graphy
-ia
-ic
surgical removal
record
process of recording
condition
pertaining to
continued on next slide
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
-itis
-logy
-lytic
-manometer
• -megaly
• -ole
• -oma
inflammation
study of
destruction
instrument to measure
pressure
enlarged
small
mass
continued on next slide
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-ose
-osis
-ous
-pathy
-plasty
-rrhexis
-sclerosis
-scope
pertaining to
abnormal condition
pertaining to
disease
surgical repair
rupture
hardening
instrument for viewing
continued on next slide
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Additional Suffixes
• -spasm
•
•
•
•
•
-stenosis
-tension
-tic
-tonic
-ule
involuntary muscle
contraction
narrowing
pressure
pertaining to
pertaining to tone
small
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aantibradydeendoextrahyperhypo-
without
against
slow
without
inner
outside of
excessive
insufficient
continued on next slide
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
interintraperperipoly-
between
within
through
around
many
continued on next slide
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
retachytetratransultra-
again
fast
four
across
beyond
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Adjective Forms of Anatomical
Terms
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
arterial
pertaining to an artery
arteriole
a small artery
atrial
pertaining to an atrium
atrioventricular
(AV, A-V)
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
coronary
pertaining to the heart
interatrial
pertaining to between the atria
continued on next slide
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Adjective Forms of Anatomical
Terms
interventricular
pertaining to between the ventricles
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
valvular
pertaining to a valve
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
venous
pertaining to a vein
ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle
venule
a small vein
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Interventricular
 inter- + ventricul/o + -ar
 Pertaining to between the ventricles
• Arterial
 arteri/o + -al
 Pertaining to a vein
continued on next slide
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Arteriole
 arteri/o + -ole
 A small artery
• Venule
 ven/o + -ule
 A small vein
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Medical Specialties
cardiology
The branch of medicine involving
diagnosis and treatment of conditions
and diseases of the cardiovascular
system. Physician is a cardiologist.
Healthcare professional trained to
cardiovascular perform a variety of diagnostic and
technologist/te therapeutic procedures including
chnician
electrocardiography, echocardiography,
and exercise stress tests.
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Signs and Symptoms
angiitis
inflammation of a vessel
angiospasm
involuntary contraction of smooth muscle
in wall of a vessels; narrows the vessel
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
bradycardia
a slow heart rate, typically below 60
beats per minute
embolus
obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot
that has broken off from a thrombus in
another site
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Figure 5.12
Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a
blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.
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Signs and Symptoms
infarct
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of
blood supply
ischemia
local and temporary deficiency of blood
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
murmur
Sound, in addition to normal heart
sounds; may or may not indicate an
abnormality
orthostatic
hypotension
sudden drop in blood pressure when
standing up suddenly
palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeats
continued on next slide
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Signs and Symptoms
plaque
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an
artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation
to flow backwards; in CV system refers
to backflow of blood through a valve
tachycardia
having a fast heart rate, typically more
than 100 beats per minute
thrombus
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
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Figure 5.13
Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an
artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
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Building Signs and Symptoms
Terms
• Angiospasm
 angi/o + -spasm
 Involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel
• Bradycardia
 brady- + cardi/o + -ia
 Condition of slow heart
continued on next slide
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Building Signs and Symptoms
Terms
• Hypotension
 hypo- + -tension
 Insufficient (blood) pressure
• Tachycardia
 tachy- + cardi/o + -ia
 Condition of fast heart
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Heart
angina
pectoris
severe pain and sensation of
constriction around heart; caused by
myocardial ischemia
arrhythmia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild
and others are life threatening
bundle branch
block (BBB)
electrical impulse is blocked from
traveling down bundle branches; results
in ventricles beating at different rate
than atria; also called heart block
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
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Heart
cardiomegaly
an abnormally enlarged heart
cardiomyopathy
myocardial disease; may be caused
by viral infection, congestive heart
failure, or alcoholism; common reason
for heart transplant
hole, present at birth, in heart
congenital septal
septum; allows mixing of oxygenated
defect (CSD)
and deoxygenated blood
continued on next slide
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Heart
congestive
heart failure
(CHF)
left ventricle muscle is too weak to
efficiently pump blood; results in
weakness, breathlessness, and edema
coronary
artery disease
(CAD)
poor blood supply to heart muscle due
to obstruction of coronary arteries; may
cause angina pectoris and heart attack
endocarditis
inflammation of lining membranes of
heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation
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Figure 5.14
Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery; may lead to coronary
artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction.
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Heart
fibrillation
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized
by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
flutter
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
but in a regular pattern
heart valve
prolapse
cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
heart valve
stenosis
cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
continued on next slide
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Heart
myocardial
occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardial sac
tetralogy of
Fallot
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
interventricular septal defect, improper
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
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Figure 5.15
External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction.
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Blood Vessels
aneurysm
weakness and ballooning of arterial
wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
arteriorrhexis
a ruptured artery
hardening and loss of elasticity of
arteriosclerosis arterial walls; often due to
atherosclerosis
atheroma
deposit of fatty substance in wall of
artery, bulges into and narrows artery;
also called a plaque
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Figure 5.16
Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta that has ruptured.
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Blood Vessels
atherosclerosis
most common form of
arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in
arterial wall
coarctation of the
aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in anal region
hypertension
(HTN)
high blood pressure; essential or
primary hypertension is due to CV
disease; secondary hypertension
results from another disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
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Figure 5.13
Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an
artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
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Blood Vessels
hypotension
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
to shock or anemia
patent ductus
arteriosus
(PDA)
congenital heart anomaly where fetal
connection between pulmonary artery
and aorta fails to close at birth
peripheral
vascular
disease (PVD)
abnormal condition affecting any blood
vessel outside the heart; symptoms
may include pain, pallor, and blocked
circulation
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
continued on next slide
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Blood Vessels
polyarteritis
inflammation of several arteries
Raynaud's
phenomenon
periodic ischemic attacks affecting
extremities; especially fingers, toes,
ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein resulting in blood
clots within a vein
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins; often in
the legs
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Building Pathology Terms
• Cardiomegaly
 cardi/o + -megaly
 An enlarged heart
• Endocarditis
 endo- + cardi/o + -itis
 Inflammation of inner heart
continued on next slide
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Building Pathology Terms
• Polyarteritis
 poly- + arteri/o + -itis
 Inflammation of many arteries
• Arteriosclerosis
 arteri/o + -sclerosis
 Hardening of an artery
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Medical Procedures
auscultation
listening to sounds within body
using a stethoscope
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff; measures
blood pressure
stethoscope
instrument for listening to body
sounds
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Figure 5.17
Using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure.
(Michal Heron, Pearson Education)
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Clinical Laboratory Tests
cardiac
enzymes
blood test determines level of enzymes
specific to heart muscle in blood; an
increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum
lipoprotein
level
blood test measures amount of
cholesterol and triglycerides in blood;
indicator of atherosclerosis risk
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Diagnostic Imaging
angiogram
X-ray record of a vessel
angiography
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye
into blood vessel
cardiac scan
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage
continued on next slide
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Diagnostic Imaging
Doppler
ultrasonography
using ultrasound to produce an
image of blood flowing through blood
vessels in order to determine
velocity; indicates blood clots or
deep vein thromboses
echocardiography
use of ultrasound to visualize
internal cardiac structures; especially
valves
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Cardiac Function Tests
catheter
flexible tube inserted in body to move
fluids into or out of body; may be used
to place dye into a vein to view blood
vessels
cardiac
catheterization
catheter is threaded through blood
vessel to heart; detects abnormalities,
collects cardiac blood samples, and
determines blood pressure inside heart
continued on next slide
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Cardiac Function Tests
electrocardiogram
hardcopy record produced by
electrocardiography
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG)
arrhythmias and myocardial
damage
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Cardiac Function Tests
Holter
monitor
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up
to a few days to assess heart activity as
person goes through daily activities
stress
testing
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test
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Figure 5.18
Man undergoing a stress test on a treadmill while physician monitors his condition.
(Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)
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Building Diagnostic Terms
• Sphygmomanometer
 sphygm/o + -manometer
 Instrument to measure pulse pressure
• Angiography
 angi/o + -graphy
 Process of recording a vessel
continued on next slide
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Building Diagnostic Terms
• Ultrasonography
 ultra- + son/o + -graphy
 Process of recording with high frequency
sound
• Electrocardiogram
 electr/o + cardi/o + -gram
 Record of heart's electricity
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Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output
cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in
resuscitation
cardiac arrest; uses chest
(CPR)
compressions and artificial respiration
defibrillation
procedure that converts irregular
heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal
routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure
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Figure 5.19
An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine
male patient. (Floyd Jackson, Pearson Education)
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Medical Procedures
implantable
cardioverterdefibrillator
(ICD)
device implanted into the heart to deliver
an electric shock to restore normal heart
rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular
fibrillation
pacemaker
implantation
device implanted into the heart to
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
especially helpful for bradycardia
thrombolytic
therapy
use of drugs, such as streptokinase or
tissue-type plasminogen activator, to
dissolve clots and restore blood flow
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Figure 5.20
Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the left side of the chest and the
electrode wires running to the heart muscle.
(UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc.)
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Surgical Procedures
aneurysmectomy surgical removal of an aneurysm
arterial
anastomosis
surgical joining of two arteries when
an artery is severed or a damaged
section is removed
atherectomy
surgical removal of an atheroma
coronary artery
bypass graft
(CABG)
blood vessel from another location
(often a leg vein) is grafted to route
blood around a blocked coronary
artery
embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus
continued on next slide
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Surgical Procedures
endarterectomy
removal of the diseased inner lining of
an artery; usually to remove
atherosclerotic plaques
heart transplant
replacement of a diseased heart with
a donor heart
intracoronary
artery stent
placing a stent within a coronary
artery; treats coronary ischemia due
to atherosclerosis
ligation and
stripping
removal of varicose veins; damaged
vein is tied off (ligation) and then
removed (stripping)
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Figure 5.21
A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B)
stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.
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Surgical Procedures
percutaneous
transluminal
coronary
angioplasty
(PTCA)
balloon catheter is inserted through skin
into coronary artery; inflated to dilate
the narrow blood vessel
stent
stainless steel tube placed within blood
vessel to widen the lumen
valve
replacement
removal of diseased valve and
replacement with an artificial valve
valvoplasty
surgical repair of a heart valve
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Figure 5.22
Balloon angioplasty: A) deflated balloon catheter is approaching an atherosclerotic
plaque; B) plaque is compressed by inflated balloon; C) plaque remains compressed after
balloon catheter is removed.
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Building Therapeutic Terms
• Cardiopulmonary
 cardi/o + pulmon/o + -ary
 Pertaining to the heart and lungs
• Thrombolytic
 thromb/o + -lytic
 Destruction of a clot
continued on next slide
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Building Therapeutic Terms
• Extracorporeal
 extra- + corpor/o + -eal
 Pertaining to outside the body
• Intracoronary
 intra- + coron/o + -ary
 Pertaining to within the heart
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor
drugs
produce vasodilation to
decrease blood pressure
Lotensin,
Capoten
antiarrhythmic
reduces or prevents
cardiac arrhythmias
Tambocor,
Corvert
anticoagulant
prevents blood clot
formation
Warfarin,
Coumadin
antilipidemic
reduces blood cholesterol
level
Lipitor,
Zocor
antiplatelet
agents
inhibit ability of platelets
to clump together in a
blood clot
Plavix,
Ticlid
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology
betablocker
drugs
lowers heart rate to treat
hypertension and angina
pectoris
Lopressor,
Inderal
calcium
channel
blocker
drugs
decreases force of heart beat
to treat hypertension, angina
pectoris, and congestive heart
failure
Cardizem,
Procardia
cardiotonic
increases force of heart
contraction to treat congestive
heart failure
Lanoxin
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology
diuretic
increases urine
production to reduce
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
Lasix
thrombolytic
dissolves existing
blood clot
Plavix, Activase
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology
contracts smooth muscle in
vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise
blood pressure
vasodilator
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
reduce blood pressure and
increase blood flow to
ischemic area
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Aramine
Nitro-Dur,
Vasodilan
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
AED
automated external defibrillator
AF
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AS
arteriosclerosis
ASD
atrial septal defect
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
BBB
bundle branch block
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
BP
blood pressure
bpm
beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
cath
catheterization
CC
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
CP
chest pain
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD
congenital septal defect
CV
cardiovascular
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiogram
GOT
glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase
HTN
hypertension
ICD
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICU
intensive care unit
IV
intravenous
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral
insufficiency
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
MR
mitral regurgitation
MS
mitral stenosis
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
P
pulse
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
S1
first heart sound
S2
second heart sound
continued on next slide
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
SGOT
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SK
streptokinase
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
V fib
ventricular fibrillation
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Combining Forms Match Up
•
•
•
•
•
angi/o
cardi/o
corpor/o
embol/o
pect/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht
plug
heart
body
chest
vessel
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved