Transcript CardioVascular System_PEDRO 2017LS

CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Pedro Amarante Andrade, PhD
LCSC06
BIOSCIENCES
FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPY
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
OBJECTIVES
• By the end of the session you should:
– Be able to name the component parts of the
cardio vascular system.
– Be able to describe the formation and function of
these components
– Be able to describe a range of conditions related
to dysfunction within this system
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Contributes to homeostasis by transporting:
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and
hormones to and from body cells.
Composed by:
1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD
Hematology (study of blood)
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs
and nutrients from the gastrointestinal
tract, which diffuse from the blood into
the interstitial fluid and then into body
cells.
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
WHAT IS BLOOD?
•
•
•
•
Function: transport, regulation and protection
8% of total body mass
Slightly alkaline: pH 7.35 to 7.45
Colour: high oxygen
low oxygen
• Volume: 4-6 litres
• Cells origin: Bone marrow
• Types: A, B, AB or O (depend on certain
substances) also can be Rh or D blood antigen
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
WHAT IS BLOOD?
Composition
BLOOD PLASMA
(55%)
FORMED ELEMENTS (45%)
• 99% red blood cells
(RBCs)
• 1% white blood cells
(WBCs)
Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and
physiology Pp 691
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
FORMED ELEMENTS
Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and
physiology Pp 691
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
Extracellular matrix of
the blood cells
(55% of total blood
volume)
Leukocytes or white
blood cells:
BLOOD COMPOSITION
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
Large Y-shaped proteins which
function is to identify and
remove foreign antigens, viruses
and bacteria
Granulocytes Neutrophils,
eosinophils & basophils
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes & monocytes
Or thrombocytes,
blood clot cells
(hemostasis)
Global Biodefense. News on pathogens and preparedness
White cell that digests cellular
debris, foreign substances…
Erythrocytes
Deliver oxygen
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD
Haematocrit: measure of the viscosity of the blood
(red blood cells) = male 40-54% & female 38-46%;
• Anaemia
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
PROBLEMS RELATED TO BLOOD
Anaemia: deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the
blood, resulting in fatigue (most common= iron-deficiency)
Polycythaemia: High concentration of red blood cells. Can be
associated with respiratory or circulatory disorder.
Hypoxia: oxygen deficiency
Cyanosis: discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation (low
oxygen)
Haemorrhage: blood escaping from the circulatory system
(bleeding)
Thrombosis: Local coagulation or clotting of the blood
Embolism: lodging of foreign body such as blood clot/air
bubble in an artery blocking the blood flow
ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY (ABI)
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD
Heamopoiesis: process by which the formed elements
of blood develop
Red bone marrow
Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and
physiology Pp 694
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
RED BLOOD CELLS
Haemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
Concentration: 4.8 - 5.4 million/microliter *
Production: 2 million/second
* One drop of blood has apprx 50 microliter
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Haemoglobin: none
Concentration: 5000-10,000/microliter
GRANULAR
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
leukocytes
AGRANULAR
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
(macrophages)
Leukocytosis (more than 10,000/microliter)
Leukopenia (< 5,000/microliter)
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
WHITE
BLOOD
CELLS
leukocytes
GRANULAR
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
AGRANULAR
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
(macrophages)
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
PLATELETS
Disk shaped, 2-4 micrometre
Concentration: 400,000/microliter
Function: Stop blood loss (hemostasis) – platelet plug
- Vascular spasm
- Blood clotting
https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma-platelet-richplasma-injections/
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
PLATELETS
Blood clotting
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD CLOTTING
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
• Beats about 100,000 times every day (35
million/year)
• Pumps 14,000 litres of blood/day
• Size of your closed fist and average weight
between 250-300g
CPR
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Pericardium
•
•
Confines the hear to
its position in the
mediastinum
Fibrous (prevent
overstretching) and
serous (2 layers –
allows movemnt)
• Pericardial fluid –
fluid between
layers)
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Myocardium
•
•
•
Medial layer
95 % of the heart
Pump blood
Endocardium
• Thin layer
• Smooth lining of the
inner chambers
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Chambers of the heart
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Right atrium
•
•
Chambers of the heart
“entry halls”
receives blood from: vena cava
and coronary sinus  tricuspid
valve  right ventricle
Right ventricle
• “little bellies”
• Blood passes from the right
ventricle through the
pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arteries
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Left atrium
•
•
Chambers of the heart
“entry halls”
receives blood from the lungs
through the pulmonary vein 
bicuspid valve  right ventricle
Left ventricle
• “little bellies”
• Thickest
• Blood passes from the let
ventricle through the aortic
valve into the coronary arteries
and the rest of the body
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Valves of the heart
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Systemic and pulmonary
Systemic
Pulmonary
Coronary
Electrocardiography
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD VESSELS
video
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
BLOOD VESSELS
video
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
THE HEART
video
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
THE HEART
Pathology
• Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle
• Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart
• Heart murmur: Extra or unusual sound heard during a
heartbeat
• Myocardial ischaemia: low blood flow (oxygen) to the heart
• Infarction: Local death of tissue
• Bradycardia: Abnormal slow heart action
• Tachycardia: Abnormal rapid heart action
• Angina: Pain or discomfort in the chest region
• Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and hardening of the walls of the
arteries (Ageing)
• Atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to fat material on
the inner walls
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
Blood clot or thrombosis
Build up of fatty deposits inside an
artery that cause the artery to
harden and narrow
(Athereosclesorsis)
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
Types of CVD:
• Coronary heart disease;
• Stroke;
• Peripheral arterial disease;
• Aortic disease
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the flow of
oxygen-rich blood to your heart is blocked or reduced by
a build-up of fatty material (atheroma) in the coronary
arteries.
The coronary arteries are the two major blood vessels
that supply your heart with blood. As they
narrow because of a build-up of atheroma, the blood
supply to your heart will be restricted. This can
cause angina(chest pain). If a coronary artery becomes
completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack.
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
STROKE
A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when
the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.
Like all organs, the brain needs a constant supply of
oxygen and nutrients to function properly. This is
provided by the blood, so if your blood flow is restricted
or stopped, brain cells will begin to die. This can cause
brain damage and possibly death.
A stroke is therefore a medical emergency and prompt
treatment is essential. The sooner a person who has had
a stroke receives treatment, the less damage is likely to
occur.
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE
Peripheral arterial disease, also known as peripheral
vascular disease, occurs when there's a blockage in the
arteries to your limbs (usually your legs).
The most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease
is pain in your legs when walking. This is usually in one or
both of your thighs, hips or calves.
The pain can feel like cramp, a dull pain or a sensation of
heaviness in your leg muscles. It usually comes and goes,
and gets worse during exercise that uses your legs, such
as walking or climbing stairs.
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
AORTIC DISEASE
The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. It
carries blood from your heart to the rest of
your body.
The most common type of aortic disease is an aortic
aneurysm, where the wall of the aorta becomes
weakened and bulges outwards. You'll usually
experience pain in your chest, back or abdomen
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT
LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT