Transcript Lecture 15
Announcement • Activity 2 due March 20 • Exam II on 4/8 (after spring break) • Review sheet will be available before break• Please start reviewing early Review • Which composer wrote oratorios in • • • • English (modeled on Handel)? What is opera seria? What topics did it deal with? What is opera buffa? What topics did it deal with? What was Singspiel? What kind of an opera is Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro? Classical Concerto vs. Baroque • emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra • more integration of orchestra and solo • Has three movements, fast-slow-fast • featuring a CADENZA, a solo passage near the end that was often improvised Mozart Piano Concertos • most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl • As a vehicle for self-promotion • 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) • Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo Romanticism • The period of Art music c. 1820-1900 • What is Romanticism? • Topics.. • Nature • The supernatural (Faust, by Goethe) • Folk themes • Long ago and far away (new interest in Medieval history, far away places) Romanticism • Exoticism • Looking inward • Nationalism • Unity of the arts (more interest in combining music and other arts (ie, poetry) • In music, an interest in smaller forces that require fewer performers (solo song or piano music) Romantic painting • Caspar David Friedrich • Big images of nature… • and sometimes small images of man 19th c. ART SONG • Called LIED • Piano and Voice • Goal was depiction of text 19th c. ART SONG • Possible forms… • Strophic-each stanza sung to same music • modified strophic (same as above with modifications • through-composed (no regular repetition scheme) • We will study an example by Franz Schubert Franz Schubert • Austrian composer (from Vienna) • Lived 1797-1828 • Known for… • Songs • Symphonies • Chamber music Schubert’s Erlkönig • Erlkönig menas “Elfking” • Listening guide 37 • Through-composed song • Text by Goethe, a leading Romantic poet Elfking • story of a boy, his father, and the king of the elves • the boy is threatened by the Elfking who tries to trap him • Look at text Listening to Elfking • 3 times- each time more intensely the boy calls … • Mein Vater (my father) -- for help • each time at a higher pitch level • but the father is not able to help him • How does this story tie into Romanticism? Listening to Elfking • How would you describe the different parts for each character? • How are the three different characters distinguished? (Even though they are all sung by one person) Listening to Elfking • Father: low, minor key • Son: high, minor key, urgent • Elfking: high, major key, seductive PIANO of 19th century • the most popular instrument (melody and harmony) • bigger and stronger instruments were built at this time • piano teachers/builders/salesmen often combined in the same person PIANO of 19th century • SOCIAL History • new middle-class consumer base for music had new needs • entertainment of traveling virtuosos (emergence of superstar culture) • on the one hand, and • simple music for the home • on the other hand (here especially played by women) Famous performer/composers • Frederick Chopin (1810-1849) • Polish-born • favorite of Parisian salons • Clara Schumann (1819-1896) • acclaimed performer and teacher • co-founder of Leipzig conservatory • wife to Robert Schumann, close friend of Johannes Brahms Piano music • Forms... • Simple forms (ABA, etc., or Rondo) • lyricism -- to make the piano sing Chopin • Born in Poland and thought of as a national hero (even though he moved away) • Wrote many short piano pieces such as… • Noctures (intended to evoke night) • Polonaises (based on a Polish dance, nationalistic) Chopin’s Polonaise • LG 40 • Form ABA • How do the A and B sections contrast? • Performance technique: Tempo rubato (robbing time) • Also listening for the typical Polonaise rhythm long-short-shortlong-long long-long(in duple meter) Another piano virtuoso • Franz Liszt • Rise of star performer/composer • Many affairs with many women • The Little Bell (not on assigned listening)