Transcript transport - biorocks

TRANSPORT
ADAPTATIONS
and
HUMAN TRANSPORT
PERMEABILITY

PERMEABILITY = having pores or openings
that permit particles to pass through
 The cell membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE

Meaning that:
Some substances can pass freely
Small molecules (lipids, H2O, CO2, O2,
glucose, amino acids)
Some substances can not pass through
large molecules (starch and proteins)
DIFFUSION

DIFFUSION = movement of molecules
from areas of high concentration
to areas of low concentration

Even distribution of molecules results in
equilibrium
DIFFUSION
TYPES OF DIFFUSION

FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• works with the concentration gradient
• substances diffuse quicker than what would
be expected
• specialized transport protein in the cell
membrane carries the molecule across the
cell membrane
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
•specialized transport protein in the cell membrane carries
the molecule across the cell membrane
•this can be with the gradient (facilitated diffusion) or
against the gradient (active transport)
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
TRANSPORT

PASSIVE TRANSPORT - DIFFUSION
•
•

No energy used
Direction is with the concentration gradient
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
•
•
•
Requires energy
Usually against the concentration gradient
Two ways that materials are transported across the
cell membrane (active transport – requires energy)
1. Substances are carried across the cell membrane
using transport proteins found in the cell membrane
2. Substances are carried across the cell membrane
using vesicles formed by the cell membrane
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Substances are carried across the cell
membrane using vesicles formed by the cell
membrane
Endocytosis
Materials enclosed in a pocket along the
membrane that pinches off to form a vesicle
inside the cell – then materials are released
into the cell
Pintocytosis = transporting liquids via
vesicles
Phagocytosis = transporting solids via
vesicles
Exocytosis = materials out of the cell via vacuoles
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
OSMOSIS


OSMOSIS– always referring to water
Diffusion of water - moves with the
concentration gradient
Pure water (highest concentration of H2O
molecules)
flows to
water with solute
(lower concentration of H2O molecules)
OSMOSIS
Effects of Osmosis
 Isotonic
solution
 Hypotonic solution
 Hypertonic solution
An Isotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
Distilled water (Hypotonic solution)
Concentrated salt water (Hypertonic solution)
TRANSPORT
1.
Process by which substances move in or
out of cells and/or are distributed within
the cells
2.
If cells are not in close contact with the
outside environment, they need a
circulatory system
A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM



1.
2.
3.
Transports materials to and from all parts of
the organism
Is a link between cells and the environment
Has three parts:
Fluid = in which materials are transported
Vessels = network of tubes or body spaces
where fluid flows
Pump = what drives the fluid through the tubes
or spaces
OPEN vs. CLOSED SYSTEMS

Open circulatory system = blood flows
directly into the body spaces and has no
blood pressure

Closed circulatory system = blood stays
in the vessels at all times and has a
blood pressure
ADAPTATIONS
IN
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT IN PROTISTS




No circulatory system
Diffusion and active transport move materials in and out
of the cell
Movement in the cell of materials by cyclosis
Food is digested in the food vacuoles and nutrients are
absorbed into the rest of the cell by diffusion
TRANSPORT IN THE HYDRA


No circulatory system
Ectoderm lines the outside of the body,
endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity
Both layers use diffusion to exchange
dissolved O2, CO2, and wastes between
cells and the external environment
Nutrients move into the endoderm by
diffusion and active transport
Nutrients move from the endoderm into the
ectoderm by diffusion
Substances move within the cells by
cyclosis
Muscular movements move materials
within the gastrovascular cavity





–
–
This stops wastes from collecting along the
surface of the endoderm
Flagella (on the endoderm cells) also move
materials in the gastrovascular cavity
**the gastrovascular cavity is used for digestion
and transport processes**
TRANSPORT IN THE
GRASSHOPPER
Open circulatory system
1.
–
–
–
–
Aorta along the back and a tubular heart (near the
rear) pushes the blood forward
Blood leaves the aorta at the head
Blood baths all the body tissues as it trickles through
the body spaces
2.
3.
4.
–
5.
6.
Blood not always in the vessels
Blood flows directly into body spaces, bathing the tissues
Blood is colorless because it does not contain hemoglobin (no
transport of O2 or CO2)
Blood mainly used to transport nutrients and wastes
Exchange of materials occurs in these spaces
Blood is kept moving by body movements
Eventually the blood circulates back to the heart
TRANSPORT IN THE
GRASSHOPPER
Transport in the earthworm

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A closed circulatory system
Much more complex system
Has organs and an organ system (circulatory system) because its
cells are not directly in contact with the environment
The circulatory system has three parts:
1. Blood (contains hemoglobin which increases the amount of O2
the blood can carry)
2. Dorsal vessel which runs along the top
Ventral vessel which runs along the bottom
3. Connected by aortic arches
Blood flows dorsal ventral smaller vessels capillaries
Every cell is near a capillary
Diffusion occurs between the walls of the capillaries and the cells
of the body
Transport in the earthworm
FAB 5
PROTISTS:
AMOEBA
PROTISTS:
PARAMECIUM
HYDRA
ABSORPTION
CIRCULATION
OTHER
Food – pseudopods
Diffusion out of food
vacuole into cytoplasm
All cells in contact
with environment
Cyclosis – movement
of the cytoplasm
No circulatory
system
Diffusion out of the
food vacuole
All cells in contact
with environment
Cyclosis – movement
of the cytoplasm
No circulatory
system
(phagocytosis)
Gases – diffusion +
active transport
Food – oral groove
Gases – diffusion
through the membrane
Diffusion of food and
gases
Cyclosis
No circulatory system
Food - typhlosole
EARTHWORM
Gases – diffusion
through moist skin
Food - Intestine blood
bathes body cells
Closed circulatory system
Carried by blood
Single dorsal aorta
Tubular heart
GRASSHOPPER
Gases - spiracles
Both cells layers in contact
with environment
Blood carries nutrients,
gases, water and wastes
Open circulatory system
No hemoglobin
Colorless blood
Does not carry gases
HUMAN TRANSPORT
BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
carries blood away
from the heart to
organs and tissues
 have thick, elastic
walls
 arterioles are the
smallest arteries

VEINS
 carries blood from
organs and tissues

to the heart
BLOOD VESSELS
walls are thin and
slightly elastic
 contain valves to
allow blood flow in
only one direction
 smallest veins
called venules
 when walls lose
elasticity – varicose
veins

Valves in Veins
Varicose Veins
Capillaries
 connects
arterioles and venules
 walls are a single layer of cells
 allow exchange of dissolved nutrients,
wastes, and oxygen
Capillaries
Compare an artery, vein and a
capillary
vein
artery
capillary
Major arteries and veins of the human body
Capillaries
Capillaries in the liver
Complete the worksheet on page 16 in
your packet
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Red blood cell
Capillary
Body cell
Lymph vessel
Arteriole
Venule
Complete the worksheet on page 16 in
your packet
In area 1, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
2.
In area 2, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
3.
What materials are diffusing from the blood to the
cells?
Oxygen and nutrients
4.
What materials are diffusing from the cells to the
blood?
Carbon dioxide and wastes
1.
BLOOD
VESSEL
CROSSECTION
DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION
of
VESSEL WALL
BLOOD
FLOW
ARTERY
Thick
Elastic
Muscular
Round
VEIN
CAPILLARY
LYMPH
VESSEL
AWAY
FROM
THE
HEART
Thinner wall
Non-elastic
Partially
collapsed
TO
THE
HEART
ONLY ONE
CELL LAYER
THICK
microscopic
Connects
arterioles
to
venules
Very small
tubes
with dead ends
Carries
fluid from
tissues to
veins
OTHER
INFORMATION
Carries oxygenated blood
to all tissues
Under pressure
Blood spurts
Pulse is artery expanding
with pressure
ie: aorta, carotid,
femoral arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood
Little pressure
Even flow
Valves prevent backflow
Exchange of nutrients, gases,
and wastes between blood and
body cells
Contains lymph nodes
(helps with immunity)
ICF = intercellular fluid
THE HUMAN HEART
THE HUMAN HEART
Please turn to page 17 in
your note packet
The Heart
Contractions of its muscle fibers force
blood to flow
 Specialized muscle cells called cardiac
muscle (myocardium)
 Fibers are interconnected for greater force
of contractions
 Pericardium – tough outer membrane that
protects the heart

Chambers of the Heart

Upper chambers are the atria (atrium s.)
– They are the receiving chambers of the heart
– Right atria recieves blood from the body
– Left atria receives blood from the lungs

Lower chambers are the ventricles
– They are the pumping chambers of the heart
– Right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs
– Left ventricle pumps blood out to the body
Chambers of the Heart
right
atrium
right ventricle


left atrium
left ventricle
Septum of the Heart
 wall
separating the
right and left side of
the heart
 does not allow
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to
mix
Septum
Valves of the Heart
A – V valves (atrioventricular valves)
• right side - tricuspid valve
• left side - bicuspid valve
 semilunar valves
• located at the start of the aorta
• located at the start of the pulmonary
arteries

Valves of the Heart
RIGHT SIDE
OF THE
HEART
LEFT SIDE
OF THE
HEART
Aortic valve
(semi-lunar)
Pulmonary valve
(semi-lunar)
Tricuspid
Valve
(A-V valve)
Bicuspid valve
or
Mitral valve
(A-V valve)
Complete the diagram on
page 18 of your packet
1. Aorta
15. Superior vena cava
2. Left pulmonary arteries
14. Right
pulmonary arteries
3. Left atrium
4. Left
pulmonary veins
13. Right
pulmonary veins
5. Bicuspid valve
12. Right atrium
6. semi-lunar
valves (aortic and
pulmonary)
11. Tricuspid valve
7. Left ventricle
8. Septum
10. Inferior vena cava
9. Right ventricle
Circulation Through the Heart
Disorders of the Circulatory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
Angina pectoris – temporary pain in the
chest; warning of a heart attack
Cardiac Arrest – heart attack; caused by
blocked coronary arteries
Arteriosclerosis – “hardening of the
arteries”; deposits of cholesterol and fat
on the artery walls
Hypertension – high blood pressure
(normal blood pressure it 120/80)
Angina pectoris
temporary pain in the chest; warning of
a heart attack
Cardiac Arrest
heart attack; caused by
blocked coronary
arteries
Arteriosclerosis
“hardening of the arteries”; deposits
of cholesterol and fat on the artery
walls
Hypertension
high blood
pressure
THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE
THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE

Diastole = period of relaxation
• A-V valves open and allow blood to fill the
ventricles from the atria
 Systole = period of contraction
• Atria contract and blood completely fills the
ventricles
• Ventricles contract
 A-V valves close as atria relax
 Semilunar valves open as blood pushes out
–Right ventricle empties into pulmonary
arteries
–Left ventricle empties into the aorta
THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE
THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE
Heartbeat

Heart beats about 100,000 times/day and
moves about 10,000 liters of blood daily
Heart Sounds



Lub-dup
Lub = closing of the A-V valves (bicuspid and tricuspid
valves)
Dup = closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary
valves)
Heart Sounds
Normal heart sounds:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds
Heart murmurs:
http://www.wilkes.med.ucla.edu/Physiology.htm
Heart Murmur
 Leak
in the valve called a heart murmur
“ lub-shhh”
Control of the Heartbeat

The sinoatrial node
(S-A node) in the
right atrium starts the
atrium contracting

This stimulates the
atrioventricle node
(A-V node) to start
the ventricles
contracting
Control of the Heartbeat
This is an
electrical impulse
 It can be recorded
on an
electrocardiogram
(ECG)

Control of the Heartbeat
The heart rate is
regulated by:
 Vagus nerve =
slows the rate
 Cardioaccelerator
nerves = speed
up the rate
The heart rate can be regulated by
an artificial implant called a
pacemaker
Blood Pressure and Flow of Blood
The elasticity of the arteries expand with
the contraction of the ventricles and the
arteries relax as the ventricles relax
 This causes the pulse that can be felt in
the arteries

Measuring Blood Pressure
Blood
pressure is measured from an artery in
the upper arm
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Mercury
(systole/diastole)
Pathways of Human
Circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation – between the heart and lungs
Starts in the right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries
(oxygen poor blood) - lungs - pulmonary veins (oxygen-rich
blood) - left atrium - left ventricle - body
Systemic circulation
The circulation in all the other parts of the
body
 Begins in left ventricle (thickest walled
chamber)
 Aorta – body - returns to inferior or
superior vena cava

Divisions of the
Systemic Circulation
Coronary Circulation




left and right coronary arteries branches
of the aorta
coronary veins empty directly into the
heart (mostly the right atrium)
coronary artery blocked – heart attack
surgeons detour around the blocked
arteries with by-pass surgery
Coronary Circulation
Hepatic-Portal Circulation



Two sets of capillaries
To the digestive system – capillaries
dump into portal vein and go to the liver
and into the hepatic sinuses
Into the hepatic veins – into the inferior
vena cava
Hepatic-Portal Circulation
Renal circulation

To and from the
kidneys