cardiovascular system - Valhalla High School
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Transcript cardiovascular system - Valhalla High School
Chapter 11
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The heart is a muscle that pumps blood.
Blood vessels carry the blood.
PRACTITIONERS
Cardiology (cardi/o = heart)
Cardiologist
Interventional cardiologist
Performs procedures and inserts devices
Cardiac surgeon
Cardiovascular surgeon (vascul/o = vessel)
Treats vessels
HEART FACTS
Located in center of thoracic cavity
Between the lungs & behind the sternum
Size of your fist
Points (bottom, apex) left
Three-layered wall
Pericardium – outer layer of fibrous tissue
Myocardium – middle layer of thick muscle
(my/o)
Endocardium – inner layer of epithelial cells
Anatomy & Physiology of Heart
and Surrounding Structures
HEART ANATOMY
Septum (sept/o = partition)
4 chambers
Separates the two sides of the heart (L & R)
Atria (atrium) – 2 upper chambers (atri/o)
Ventricles – 2 lower chambers (ventricul/o)
Valves connect upper and lower chambers
Bicuspid valve – left side (bi = two)
Also called mitral valve
Tricuspid valve – right side
Open and close together
Prevent blood from flowing back into the atria
HEART ANATOMY (con’t)
2 additional valves in ventricles
Pulmonary valve –opening of pulmonary artery
Aortic valve –opening of the aorta
Work at the same time
Name the valves
(#5 is not a valve)
1. Pulmonary Valve
2. Tricuspid Valve
3. Mitral (Bicuspid)
Valve
4. Aortic Valve
5. Heart Apex
Check your labels!
INTERNAL VIEW OF HEART
HEART ACTION
Heart contracts to pump blood
Systole – contraction phase
Diastole – relaxation phase
Heartbeat consists of:
Contraction by atria, then ventricles
Together = cardiac cycle
Average heart beat is 72/min
Cardiac output = volume of blood pumped in 1
min.
Regulation of Cardiac Cycle
- controlled by the cardiac center within the
medulla oblongata. The cardiac center
signals heart to increase or decrease its rate
according to many factors that the brain
constantly monitors.
•Muscle Activity
•Body Temperature
•Blood ion levels (potassium & calcium)
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE
HEART
Pulmonary circulation
Right side of heart carries blood to lungs
Return of de-oxygenated blood from the body
Blood flow to pick up oxygenated blood in
lungs
Systemic circulation
Left side of heart carries blood to body
Oxygenated blood returns from lungs
Oxygenated blood sent out to body cells via
aorta
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Works like an electrical circuit
Signal flows from
SA node –begins process
Pacemaker of heart
Determines rhythm
AV node
Right and left bundle branches (Bundle of His)
Purkinje fibers
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Parts of the Blood
Plasma (55% of the blood)
A straw-colored fluid which is about 90% water and
10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes,
hormones, waste products and plasma proteins
Cells (45% of the blood)
RBC’s
Most numerous (5-6 million)
WBC’s (leukocytes) (4,000-10,000)
Contain hemoglobin, which is the iron-containing protein
that binds oxygen
They are the army of the circulatory system
May increase dramatically when the body is fighting an
infection
Platelets (250,000 – 400,000)
Help in blood clotting by clumping together at the injury
to prevent blood from flowing out of the cut
BLOOD VESSELS
Vessel
Vas/o
Angi/o
Arteries (arteri/o)
Carries blood away from the heart
Largest artery is the aorta
Get smaller – form arterioles (arteriol/o)
Arterioles change into capillaries
Nutrients and gases are exchanged
VESSELS (con ‘t)
Venous system
Carries blood back to heart
Capillaries form into tiny venules
Veins (ven/o , phleb/o)
Largest = superior and inferior venae cavae
Veins have one-way valves to prevent back flow of blood
Lumen: central opening of vessel
Pulse: artery expanding and contracting
Arterial system helps maintain body’s blood pressure:
constrict and dilate to keep an even pressure gradient
PULSE POINTS (palpable pulses)
HEART FACTS
Heart has a circulatory system to nourish the heart
muscle
Called coronary circulation (coron/o = circle or crown)
Right and left coronary arteries
Decreased blood flow leads to heart tissue death
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Blood pressure (BP)
Hypertension = Elevated BP
Hypotension
Increased resistance in vessels – Poor blood flow
Too little blood flowing to organs
Read: systolic pressure (#) /diastolic pressure (#)
Goal is ~ 120/80
WELLNESS & ILLNESS
Listen to the heart with a stethoscope
Lub - dub = S1, S2
S1 – closing of AV valves as ventricles contract
(systole)
S2 – closing of semilunar valves closing in relaxation
diastole
Listen to specific areas of heart for:
Abnormal heart sounds
Valve defects
Heart Sounds - Opening and Closing of
Valves, "Lub Dub"
Stethoscope - instrument to
listen and measure heart
sounds
FETUSES & NEWBORNS
At birth, lungs inflate and aeration begins
Congenital heart defects
Impaired cardiac function
ASD: opening between atrium
VSD: opening between ventricles
PDA: persistent fetal circulation
Coarctation of aorta: narrowing of descending
portion of aorta
CHILDREN
Murmurs
Innocent murmurs
Functional murmurs
ADULTS –Risk Factors
Risk factors for heart disease
Cannot be controlled:
Age, family history, gender
Can be modified/treated/controlled:
Smoking
Physical Activity
Body mass Index: keep less than 25 (weight)
Blood pressure: keep less than 120/80
Blood glucose: keep less than 140 (random)
Cholesterol
Keep total below 200
HDL, LDL, triglyceride levels
ADULTS
PROBLEMS
Arteriosclerosis (scler/o = hardening)
Affects walls of small vessels
Angina pectoris
Severe pain in chest (and may radiate)
Decreased blood flow to heart
Abnormalities in vessels
Aneurysm
Ballonlike swelling of an artery
Atherosclerosis (ather/o = pasty material)
Blockage caused by lipid deposits
SENIORS
Aging changes
Elevated BP
Coronary heart disease
Poor pumping ability of heart – poor body perfusion
Arrhythmias (rhythm = beat)
General term
Congestive heart Failure
Normal calcification of vessels
Irregular heart rhythm
Ectopic beats (ecto = outer)
Heartbeat outside regular rate and rhythm
Outside SA node regulation
GENERAL TERMS
Bradycardia (brady = slow)
Tachycardia (tachy = rapid)
Cardiomegaly (megal/o = enlargement)
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Narrowing of a vessel
Widening of a vessel
Varicose Vein
Dilated and twisted veins, usually in legs
TESTS
Blood testing − lipid risk panel
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Ultrasound of heart
EKG
Tracing electrical activity of the heart
Identify heart muscle changes
Interpreting EKGs
An EKG is printed on paper covered with a
grid of squares.
Notice that five small squares on the paper
form a larger square. The width of a single
small square on EKG paper represents 0.04
seconds.
- A common length of an EKG printout is 6
seconds; this is known as a "six second
strip."
HEART RHYTHMS
EKG tracings
PROCEDURES
Interventional cardiology
Cardiac catheterization (angiogram)
To determine flow of blood through heart and main
vessels
Balloon Angioplasty (PTCA)
Use catheter and dye
Balloon catheter inserted into blocked coronary artery,
then inflated to push plaque against vessel walls
Endarterectomy
Removal of plaque from an artery
Common in carotids
Coronary bypass graft (CABG)
Cardiac vessels replaced with healthy ones
DRUGS
Improve function of heart muscle
Eliminate access fluid
Anticoagulants
Decrease blood pressure
Diuretics (Lasix) – CHF
Ensure flow of blood through vessels
Beta-blockers, antiarryhythmics, Digoxin
Antihypertensives
Decrease serum cholesterol levels
Hypolipidemics