Transcript Photosynthesis

BIOLOGY
Chapter 32: pp. 593 - 612
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sylvia S. Mader
Circulation &
Cardiovascular
Systems
Leukemia
SEM 5,270 ×
(Normal): © Yorgos Nikas/Getty Images; (Leukemia): © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Transport in Invertebrates

Open versus Closed Circulatory Systems

Transport in Vertebrates
 Transport in Humans



Heartbeat
Vascular Pathways
Blood Pressure

Cardiovascular Disorders
 Blood


Components
Clotting
2
Transport in Invertebrates

Small aquatic animals with no circulatory system


Roundworms and other pseudocoelomates



May rely on external water in gastrovascular cavity to
service cells
Use a fluid-filled body cavity as a means of
transporting substances
Fluid-filled cavity can also act as a hydrostatic skeleton
Animals that have a rigid skeleton


May still rely on body fluids for the purpose of
locomotion
Bivalves pump hemolymph into the foot for digging into
mud
3
Aquatic Organisms Without
a Circulatory System
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food
undigested
waste products
mouth
enzymes
gastrovascular
cavity
food
nutrient
uptake by
endocytosis
a. Hydra
7×
b. Flatworm
coelomic fluid
c. Red sea star, Mediastar
a: © CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; b: © B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; c: © Randy Morse, GoldenStateImages.com;
4
Open vs. Closed
Invertebrate Circulation



Two types of circulatory fluids:

Blood - contained within blood vessels

Hemolymph - flows into hemocoel
Open Circulatory System

Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels

Vessels empty into tissue spaces
Closed Circulatory System

Heart pumps blood to capillaries

Gases and materials diffuse to and from nearby cells

Vessels return blood to heart without it contacting tissues
5
Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
dorsal
tubular
aorta ostia heart
heart
ventral
blood
vessel
dorsal
blood
vessel
lateral
vessel
ostia
valve
pump
pump
hemolymph
hemocoel
a. Open circulatory system
b. Closed circulatory system
6
Transport in the Vertebrates


All vertebrates have a closed cardiovascular system
Vertebrate heart:



Atrial chamber(s) of heart receive blood from general circulation
Ventricle chamber(s) of heart pump blood out through blood
vessels
Vertebrate vessels:





Arteries - Carry blood away from heart
Arterioles – Lead to capillaries
Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid
Venules - Lead to veins
Veins - Return blood to heart
7
Animation
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Transport in Vertebrates
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Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
fibrous connective tissue
smooth elastic
muscle tissue
endothelium
a. Artery
endothelium
b. Capillary
Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
fibrous connective tissue
smooth elastic
muscle tissue
endothelium
closed valve
c. Vein
9
Anatomy of a Capillary Bed
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artery
arteriole
O2-rich
blood flow
precapillary
sphincter
arteriovenous
shunt
venule
O2-poor
blood flow
vein
10
Comparison of Circulatory Circuits
in Vertebrates
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pulmonary
capillaries
pulmonary
capillaries
gill capillaries
pulmonary
circuit
pulmonary
circuit
right
atrium
ventricle
ventricle
heart
left
atrium
right
atrium
right
ventricle
heart
atrium
left
atrium
left
ventricle
aorta
aorta
aorta
systemic
circuit
systemic
capillaries
systemic
circuit
systemic
capillaries
systemic
capillaries
a.
b.
c.
11
Comparison of Circulatory Pathways

Fish - Blood flows in single loop


Amphibians - Blood flows in double loop


Single atrium and single ventricle
Two atria with single ventricle
Other vertebrates - Blood flows in a double loop

Heart divided by septum into separate sides
12
Transport in Humans

Human Heart

Fist-sized

Cone-shaped

Very muscular organ (special cardiac fibers)

Lies within a fluid-filled sac (the pericardium)
13
Human Heart: Gross Anatomy

Septum separates heart into left & right halves

Each half has two chambers


Upper two chambers are the atria

Thin-walled

Receive blood from circulation
Lower two chambers are the ventricles

Thick-walled

Pump blood away from heart
14
Animation
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External Heart Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lung
sternum
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery
superior vena cava
aortic arch
aorta
left pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
b.
pericardium heart
left atrium
left cardiac vein
right atrium
right coronary artery
left ventricle
right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
apex
a.
b: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited
16
Internal View of the Heart
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery
superior vena cava
aorta
cardiac
muscle cell
mitochondrion
intercalated
disk
left pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
semilunar valve
left atrium
right atrium
atrioventricular
(bicuspid) valve
atrioventricular
(tricuspid) valve
gap junction
chordae tendineae
b.
papillary muscles
right ventricle
septum
left ventricle
inferior vena cava
a.
b: © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited;
17
Human Heart: Valves

Valves open and close to control blood flow
through heart


Atrioventricular valves

Tricuspid

Bicuspid
Semilunar valves

Pulmonary

Aortic
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Transport in Humans

Blood returning to heart from systemic circuit




Blood returning to heart from pulmonary circuit




Enters right atrium
Right atrium pumps through tricuspid valve to right
ventricle
Right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary valve
to the pulmonary circuit
Enters left atrium
Left atrium pumps through mitral valve to left ventricle
Left ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve to the
systemic circuit
Oxygen-poor blood never mixes with oxygen-rich
blood (in humans)
19
Heartbeat

Systole - Contraction of heart chambers
 Diastole - Relaxation of heart chambers
 Pulse - Two-part pumping action that takes about
a second

Blood collects in atria, the atria contract



Second part begins when ventricles fill



Pushes blood through tricuspid and mitral valves into the
resting lower ventricles
This phase (the longer of the two) is called the diastole
Ventricles contract
This is called systole
After blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta,
the ventricles relax
20
Animation
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Stages in the Cardiac Cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
aortic semilunar valve
semilunar
valves close
(“dub”)
bicuspid valve
pulmonary
vein
semilunar superior
valves
vena cava
aorta
left
atrium
right
atrium
left
ventricle
right
atrium
inferior
vena cava
c.
a.
right
ventricle
pulmonary
vein
d.
aorta
atrioventricular (AV)
valves close
(“lub”)
b.
represents
contraction
d: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
22
Animation
Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
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the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
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Conduction System of the Heart
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
R
SA node
T
P
AV node
Q
branches of
atrioventricular
bundle
S
b. Normal ECG
Purkinje fibers
a.
c. Ventricular fibrillation
d. Recording of an ECG
d: © David Joel/MacNeal Hospital/Getty Images
25
Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
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which is available at
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Heartbeat

Rhythmic contraction due to cardiac
conduction system
Sinoatrial node (SA) keeps the heartbeat
regular
 Atrioventricular node (AV) signals ventricles to
contract - Purkinje Fibers



Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A recording of electrical changes that
occurring in myocardium during cardiac
cycle

When SA node triggers an impulse, the atrial
fibers produce an electrical charge (P wave)
27
Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
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the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
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Vascular Pathways

Human cardiovascular system includes two
major circular pathways:

Pulmonary Circuit


Takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and returns
oxygen-rich blood to the heart
Systemic Circuit

Takes blood throughout the body from the aorta to
the vena cava
29
Path of Blood
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CO2
head and arms O2
jugular vein
(also subclavian
vein from arms)
carotid artery
(also subclavian
artery to arms)
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
lungs
pulmonary
artery
pulmonary
vein
superior
vena cava
aorta
heart
inferior
vena cava
hepatic
vein
mesenteric
arteries
liver
hepatic
portal
vein
renal
vein
digestive
tract
renal
artery
kidneys
Iliac vein
iliac
artery
CO2
O2
trunk and legs
30
Velocity and Blood Pressure
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ariteries
ariterioles capillaries venules
total
cross-sectional
area of
vessels
blood
pressure
Magnitude
veins
velocity
Blood Flow
31
Animation
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Cross Section of a Valve in a Vein
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
to heart
a. Contracted skeletal muscle
pushes blood past open valve.
to heart
b. Closed valve prevents
backward flow of blood.
33
Blood Pressure

The beat of the heart supplies pressure that
keeps blood moving in the arteries


Systolic Pressure results from blood forced into the
arteries during ventricular systole
Diastolic Pressure is the pressure in the arteries during
during ventricular diastole

Skeletal muscle contraction pushes blood in the
veins toward the heart
 Blood pressure


Normally measured with a sphygmomanometer on the
brachial artery
Expressed in the form: Systolic “over” Diastolic
34
Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
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Cardiovascular Disorders
Hypertension - High blood pressure
 Atherosclerosis - Accumulation of fatty
materials in inner linings of arteries
 Stroke - Cranial arteriole bursts or is
blocked by an embolus
 Heart attack – (Myocardial infarction)
Coronary artery becomes partially blocked
 Angina pectoris – Painful squeezing
sensation from myocardial oxygen
insufficiency

36
Coronary Arteries and Plaque
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
coronary artery
ulceration
lumen of vessel
fat
cholesterol
crystals
atherosclerotic
plaque
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
37
Blood: Homeostasis Functions
Transports substances to and from
capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid
 Guards against pathogen invasion
 Regulates body temperature
 Buffers body pH
 Maintain osmotic pressure
 Clots prevent blood/fluid loss

38
Red Blood Cells

Small, biconcave disks

Lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin

Hemoglobin contains

Four globin protein chains

Each associated with an iron-containing heme

Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of skull,
ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones
39
White Blood Cells
Most types larger than red blood cells
 Contain a nucleus and lack hemoglobin
 Important in inflammatory response

Neutrophils enter tissue fluid and phagocytize
foreign material
 Lymphocytes (T Cells) attack infected cells
 Antigens cause body to produce antibodies

40
Composition of Blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma
Formed Elements
55%
Type
Function
Type
Water
(90–92% of
plasma)
Maintains blood volume;
transports molecules
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
Plasma proteins
(7–8% of plasma)
Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH
Transport O2 and help
transport CO2
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Number (per mm 3 blood)
4 million–6 million
45%
Transport; fight infection
Blood clotting
Salts
(less than 1% of
plasma)
Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH;
aid metabolism
Gases
(O2and CO2)
Cellular respiration
Nutrients
(lipids, glucose,
and amino acids)
Food for cells
Wastes
(urea and
uric acid)
End product of metabolism;
excretion by kidneys
Hormones
Aid metabolism
White blood cells
(leukocytes)
5,000–1 1,000
Fight infection
Neutrophils
Monocytes
4–8%
Lymphocytes
40–70%
20–45%
Eosinophils
Basophils
1–4%
0–1%
Platelets
(thrombocytes)
Aid clotting
150,000–300,000
41
Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
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Composition of Blood
Blood
Plasma 46-63%
Plasma Protein 7%
Water 92%
Formed Elements 37-54%
Other Solutes 1%
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Platelets
WBC
RBC 99.9%
Monocytes
Eg. Electrolytes
Neatrophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Regulatory Proteins
43
Platelets

Platelets
Result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
 Involved in coagulation


Blood clot consists of:
Platelets
 Red blood cells
 All entangled within fibrin threads

44
Blood Clotting
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
red
fibrin
blood cell threads
platelet plug
1. Blood vessel is punctured.
2. Platelets congregate and
form a plug.
fibrin threads
3. Fibrin threads form and
trap red blood cells.
© Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
45
Capillary Exchange
Capillaries very narrow – Tiny RBCs must
go through single file
 Wall of capillaries very thin to facilitate
diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes

Oxygen and nutrients exit a capillary near the
arterial end
 Carbon dioxide and waste molecules enter a
capillary near the venous end

46
Capillary Exchange
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
from heart
to heart
Arterial end
Tissue fluid
Blood pressure is higher
than osmotic pressure.
Net pressure out.
carbon
oxygen amino
acids
glucose dioxide
Venous end
Osmotic pressure is higher
than blood pressure.
Net pressure in.
water
wastes
water
salt
arteriole
smooth
muscle fiber
plasma
protein
osmotic pressure
blood pressure
venule
47
Capillary Bed
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
precapillary sphincters
arteriole
tissue fluid
lymphatic capillary
blood capillary
excess tissue fluid
lymphatic duct
venule
48
Blood Type

Determined by the presence or absence of
surface antigens (agglutinogens)

Antigens A, B and Rh (D)
Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins)
 Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet
antibodies

49
Blood Type
50
No Agglutination
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
500×
antigen
Type A blood
of donor
no binding
anti-B antibody of
type A recipient
red blood cell
no clumping
No agglutination
51
Agglutination
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
500×
antigen
Type A blood
of donor
binding
anti- A antibody of
type B recipient
clumping
Agglutination
52
Blood Type

During pregnancy, if the mother is Rh
negative and the father is Rh positive, the
child may be Rh positive.
Rh-positive red blood cells may leak across the
placenta
 The mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies.
 Antibodies may attack the embryo in a
subsequent pregnancy

53
Review

Transport in Invertebrates

Open versus Closed Circulatory Systems

Transport in Vertebrates
 Transport in Humans



Heartbeat
Vascular Pathways
Blood Pressure

Cardiovascular Disorders
 Blood


Components
Clotting
54
BIOLOGY
Chapter 32: pp. 593 - 612
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sylvia S. Mader
Circulation &
Cardiovascular
Systems
Leukemia
SEM 5,270×
(Normal): © Yorgos Nikas/Getty Images; (Leukemia): © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
55