Transcript Circulatory System

Unit Two
Circulatory System
Lisa Michelek
Transport
• After digestion is completed, nutrients go into
the blood stream and are transported to the
cells of the body.
• In the cells, nutrients are chemically combined
with oxygen and energy is released.
• Transport is the process of absorption and
circulation of materials throughout the body.
Transport
• Absorption involves the passage of materials
into and out of the bloodstream.
• Circulation is the distribution of materials to all
parts of the body.
• The transport system is also called the
circulatory system.
• The circulatory system is made up of the
heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph and lymph
vessels.
Circulation
• Blood flows in a
circle throughout the
body and is used
over and over.
• Blood moves in a
continuous pathway
of blood vessels.
• This system provides
the body cells with
needed substances
and carries away
cellular excretions.
The Heart
• The heart is a muscular,
four-chambered organ.
• The heart pumps blood
through blood vessels
adjusting the rate and flow
and pressure to changing
body requirements.
• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=BEWjOCVEN7M
Blood Vessels
• Blood vessels are tubes that transport blood to
and away from body parts.
• The three major types of blood vessels are:
– arteries,
– veins,
– capillaries.
Arteries
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.
• Because they are very muscular and elastic,
they help pump blood through the body.
• To do this, they expand and then snap back to
normal size.
– This expansion and snapping back of the arterial
walls is called the pulse.
• Blood in the arteries is under pressure from the
pumping action of the heart.
– This pressure is called blood pressure.
Capillaries
• The capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.
• They are one-celled, microscopic blood vessels
that connect arteries to veins.
• Exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
between the blood and body parts takes place
through the capillary walls.
• This exchange takes place by diffusion.
Veins
• Veins are blood vessels that
transport blood under low
pressure from the capillaries back
to the heart.
• Veins have valves that prevent
the backflow of blood.
Composition of Blood
• Blood is the liquid that transports materials
throughout the body within the blood vessels.
• Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets make up the blood.
• Plasma is the straw colored, non-living part of
blood.
– Plasma is 90% water.
– Plasma transports blood cells, end products of
digestion, hormones, cellular excretions, and
antibodies throughout the body.
– Plasma also helps to regulate body temperature.
Red Blood Cells
• Red Blood Cells are shaped like round plates
that are indented in the center.
– Mature Red Blood Cells do not have a nucleus.
• Blood appears to be red because red blood
cells contain the iron-rich pigment hemoglobin.
– Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the
body cells.
Platelets
• Platelets are smaller than
either red or white blood cells
and do not contain a nucleus.
• They live only 2 to 4 days and
are very numerous.
• Platelets are involved in the
clotting of blood.
White Blood Cells
• White blood cells fight infections and are part
of the body’s defense or immune system.
• They are irregular in shape and have no color.
• White blood cells are larger than red blood cells
and have a nucleus.
• There are fewer white cells than red cells
unless they are fighting infection, when they
increase in number.
White Blood Cells
• There are several different types
of white blood cells.
• Some, called phagocytes, aid in fighting disease
by engulfing (ingesting) bacteria,
viruses, and other foreign organisms.
– Phagocytes engulf bacteria the
same way amoebas engulf food.
• Other white blood cells (lymphocytes)
produce proteins known as antibodies.
– Antibodies are produced when foreign particles,
antigens enter the body.
– Some common antigens are bacteria and foreign
tissue.
Lymph and Lymph Vessels
• Lymph comes from the portion of the blood plasma
that diffuses out of the capillaries.
• This fluid is also called intercellular fluid or tissue fluid.
• This intercellular fluid helps transport dissolved
materials
between capillaries and cells.
• Excess intercellular fluid enters lymph vessels and is
circulated through these vessels as lymph.
• Lymph vessels transport the lymph to veins where it
enters the blood and becomes part of the plasma
again.
Lymph and Lymph Vessels
• The lymph system also helps protect the
body against infection.
• The armpits, neck, and groin contain
groups of tiny bean-shaped organs called
lymph nodes.
– Lymph tissue is also located in the
tonsils, adenoids, spleen, thymus
gland, digestive tract, and bone
marrow.
• These structures filter out bacteria and
viruses from lymph.
• Lymph tissue also produces a type of
white blood cell that helps the body fight
disease.
Immunity
• The ability of the body to resist certain
disease-causing organisms (pathogens) is
known as immunity.
• To resist disease the body has certain body defenses.
– One body defense is the presence of barriers such
as skin, nose hairs, and mucus coated linings in the
digestive and respiratory tracts.
– Another defense is hydrochloric acid in the
stomach.
– A third defense is the ability of white blood cells to
engulf bacteria.
– The body’s final defense is the production of
antibodies to fight foreign substances that enter the
body. These antibodies are carried by the blood.
Immunity
• Immune reactions occur
between antibodies and
antigens when the body
defends itself against invading
organisms.
• Along with antibody
production, there are other
types of immune responses
such as skin graft rejection
and organ transplant rejection.
Antigen (invader)
Antibodies
(defender)
Active Immunity
• Active immunity occurs when the
body makes its own antibodies to a
particular antigen.
• This can occur as a result of having a
particular disease and recovering
from it or by having a vaccination
to a particular disease.
• If you had chicken pox,
you now have active immunity
against this disease.
Vaccinations
• A vaccination consists of an injection of a dead or
weakened form of a disease-causing microorganism.
• This organism can no longer cause the disease, but
can still stimulate antibody production by white blood
cells.
• This type of immunity lasts a long time.
• Diphtheria-Tetanus (DPT),
Oral Polio, Measles Mumps
and Rubella (MMR)
are immunizations required for
public school attendance.
Passive Immunity
• Passive immunity is a temporary immunity to a
disease produced by the injection of antibodies into
the body.
• The antibodies can be produced by another person
or by an animal.
• Passive immunity lasts for only a short time.
• It is used to increase the body’s
defense temporarily against a
particular disease.
• For example, people who have
been exposed to hepatitis are given
injections of antibodies to hepatitis.
Blood Typing and Transfusions
• There are three blood types known as A, B, and O.
• The typing of blood in the ABO blood group system is
based on the presence or absence of antigens on the
surface of the red blood cells.
• Blood type is important when giving transfusions.
• If the blood types of the donor and receiver are not
agreeable, an antigen-antibody reaction occurs.
• This reaction results in the clumping of blood.
• When this happens, the blood cells clog the capillaries
and cause death.
• http://www.oneblood.org/
Transport System Disorders
• High Blood Pressure occurs when the blood
pressure in the arteries is increased.
– This can be caused by stress, diet, heredity,
cigarette smoking, and aging.
– High blood pressure can damage the lining of the
arteries and weaken the heart muscle.
– Some ways of controlling high
blood pressure are by decreasing stress,
loosing weight, and taking medication.
Transport System Disorders
• Arthrosclerosis is the buildup of
plaque on artery walls.
• The buildup of plaque will cause a
decrease in blood flow through the
artery to vital organs.
• In some cases, this plaque buildup will
occur in coronary arteries. The
blockage stops the flow of blood to
some of the heart muscle.
• The heart muscle is then usually
damaged from lack of oxygen. This is
called a heart attack.
Transport System Disorders
• Leukemia is a form of cancer in which
the bone marrow makes too many non-working
white blood cells.
– The large numbers of white cells crowd out
developing red blood cells and platelets.
• Sickle Cell Anemia is red blood cell disorder,
where instead of being like normal round cells,
affected blood becomes hard, sticky and shaped
like sickles, which clog blood flow and break
apart.
– All forms of sickle cell disease are inherited
and present in African Americans, Arabs,
Greeks, Italians, Latin Americans and Native
Americans.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Transport System Disorders
• AIDS
– The acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a
disease caused by a virus that scientists call HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus).
– The virus destroys the body’s immune system,
making it unable to fight off even small infections.
– The disease is transmitted by body
secretions during sexual contact or
by direct exposure to blood.