Transcript blood/heart

˃Blood
˃Heart
˃Arteries
˃Veins
˃Capillaries
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» HEMAT- = blood
» -OLOGY = the study of
» The average adult has
8 – 10 pints.
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
One drop of blood contains:
˃ 5 million RBCs
˃ 250,000-500,000 platelets
˃ 7,500 WBCs
Red blood cells live 120 days.
Make new blood cells 2 million per second!
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» Plasma
» Erythrocytes
» Leukocytes
» Thrombocytes
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Plasma
Cellular
elements
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Necessary for
blood clotting, synthesized in liver
From the liver,
helps maintain blood’s osmotic
pressure and volume
Plasma
Cellular
elements
helps blood coagulate.
Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin
synthesis
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» BICONCAVE DISK
 HEMOGLOBIN - Gives red color,
heme is iron and globin is protein
» Transportation
˃ Oxygen
˃ Carbon dioxide
» Arterial blood
˃ Lots of oxygen
˃ Bright red
» Venous blood
˃ Lots of CO2
˃ Dark crimson
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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» LARGER THAN
ERYTHROCYTES
» FIVE TYPES
LEUK/O/CYTES –
WHITE CELLS
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» AgranulocytesWITHOUT GRANULES
1. Lymphocytesantibody production,
cellular immune
response
2.Monocytes- immune
defense
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» Granulocytes- with granules
3.Neutrophils-immune response
4.Eosinophils-defense against
parasites
5.Basophils-inflammatory response
histamines release
» PHAGOCYTOSIS
˃ Process when white cells surround,
engulf, and digest harmful
bacteria….used by granulocytes and
monocytes
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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˃ Smallest of solid
components of blood
˃ Synthesized in red marrow
˃ Not cells, composed of
fragments of cells
˃ Necessary for the initiation
of the blood clotting
process
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Inherited from parents
˃ Determined by
presence or
absence of an
antigen on the
surface of the red
blood cell
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» In 1901, the Austrian
immunologist Karl
Landsteiner discovered
that blood may be
grouped into four main
types.
» Based on the reaction
that resulted when blood
from different individuals
were mixed.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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˃ Someone with type A antigen has B
antibodies
˃ Someone with type B antigen has A
antibodies
˃ Someone with type AB antigen has no
antibodies
˃ Someone with type O antigen has A and B
antibodies
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» Rhesus (Rh) factor is an
inherited trait that refers
to a specific protein found
on the surface of red
blood cells (antigen).
» Although Rh factor
doesn't affect the
patient’s health, it
can affect pregnancy.
» Blood used in transfusions
must match donors for Rh
status as well as for ABO
blood type.
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» In 1940, the Rh factor was
discovered as a result of
studying Rhesus monkeys.
» When blood from monkeys
was injected into rabbits and
guinea pigs, it clotted.
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1jVA
Ck8
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh
positive.
» If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is
Rh negative.
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
If the mom gets pregnant again
with another Rh + positive, her
anti Rh antibodies will attack the
baby’s blood, causing
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
RHO Gam will destroy any baby
blood cells in the mom, & her
immune system won’t produce
antibodies.
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
• The heart is a
double pump.
• It has valves and
chambers.
• Can you name
some
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
Septum
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left ventricle
Apex
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Left atrium
Right atrium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» Compare
Systemic Circulation
To
Cardiopulmonary
Circulation
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Right side
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs CO2 and O2
exchange
Left Side
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
(Schematic of systemic
circulation)
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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Blood supply to
the Heart – from
CORONARY
ARTERIES
Heart Sounds =
lubb dupp
1. SA (sino atrial) NODE = PACEMAKER
» Located in right atrium
» SA node sends out electrical impulse
» Impulse spreads over atria, making them
contract
» Travels to AV Node
2. AV (atrio ventricular) NODE
» Conducting cell group between atria and
ventricle
» Carries impulse to bundle of His
3.
BUNDLE OF HIS
» Conducting fibers in septum
» Divides into R and L branches to network of
branches in ventricles
4.
PURKINJE FIBERS
» Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing
ventricles to contract
AV bundle or
Bundle of HIS
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» ARTERIES
˃ Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to
the capillaries. BRIGHT RED
˃ Elastic, muscular and thick-walled
˃ Transport blood under very high pressure
˃ Arteries > arterioles > capillaries
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» VEINS
˃ Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the
heart (NO O2 JUST CO2)
˃ Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and
muscular than arteries
˃ Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood
˃ Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in
direction of the heart
˃ Veins > Venules > Capillaries
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
CAPILLARIES
The smallest blood
vessels
Connect arterioles to
venules.
One cell thick…made of
endothelial tissue
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
BLOOD PRESSURE
Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against
the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction
phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole)
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are
relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole)
NORMAL- 120/80
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an
artery as blood flows through it.
PULSE SITES: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal –
NORMAL- 60 TO 80
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
»DISEASES AND
DISORDERS OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» ANEMIA
•
Deficiency in number or %
of red blood cells
» IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA
•
Usually in women, children and adolescents
•
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in
sufficient hemoglobin synthesis
•
Treat with iron supplements and green,
leafy vegetables
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
• Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic
factor (produced by stomach mucosa,
necessary for absorption of B12)
• Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, &
neurologic changes
• Treatment – injections of B12
APLASTIC ANEMIA
• Bone marrow does not produce enough
red & white blood cells
• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
» SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
•
Chronic blood disease inherited
from both parents
•
Causes the red cells to form in
abnormal sickle shape
•
Sickle cells break easily & carry
less oxygen
•
Occurs primarily in blacks
•
Treatment – blood transfusion
» POLYCYTHEMIA
•
Too many red blood cells are formed
•
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high
altitude
» EMBOLISM
•
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by
the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for
passage
•
Also known as a “moving blood clot”
» THROMBOSIS
•
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
•
The blood clot is a THROMBUS
» HEMATOMA
•
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or
space
•
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
» HEMOPHILIA
•
Hereditary
•
Missing clotting factor
•
Blood clots slow or abnormally
•
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons
•
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
» THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• Not enough platelets
• Blood will not clot properly
» LEUKEMIA
• Malignant condition
• Overproduction of immature white blood
cells
• Hinders synthesis of red cells
» SEPTICEMIA
• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the
blood
• Pus- cream colored liquid
• Abscess- pus filed cavity
• Pyrexia- fever
• Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count
(>10,000 per cubic centimeter)
• Edema-excessive fluid in tissues
» VARICOSE VEINS-swollen and
distended blood veins normally
found superficially in the legs.
CAUSE: excessive pressure on
the veins. Pregnancy, obesity,
long periods of standing.
PREVENTION
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Wear sunscreen
Elevate legs when resting
Wear elastic support stockings
Eating fiber diets
Exercise
Weight control
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) /STROKE:
THROMBUS GETS STUCK IN ARTERY TO BRAIN
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» PULMONARY
EDEMA» INCREASE IN FLUID
IN THE LUNGS
WHICH CAN RESULT
IN DECREASE IN
EXCHANGE IN O2
AND CO2
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» PERIPHERAL
VASCULAR DISEASE
» CAUSE: PLAQUE BUILDUP,
DIABETES CAN CAUSE IT
» S/S: PAIN AND CRAMPING
» TX: CLEANING OUT
PLAGUE
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
CAUSE: DECREASES HEART FLOW TO HEART
TISSUE.
S/S: INDIGESTION, HEAVY CRUSHING FEELING IN
YOUR CHEST, PAIN IN YOUR LEFT ARM, ETC.
TX: CPR, O2, PACEMAKER ETC.
» MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» MURMURS
» BLOOD IS LEAKING
BACKWARDS DUE TO
A FAULTY HEART
VALVE.
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» HEART FAILURE/CHF
CONGESTED HEART FAILURE
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART IS
WORKING TWICE AS HARD TO
PUSH THE BLOOD AROUND.
EDEMA(SWELLING)
FEEL LIKE YOU ARE BEING
SUFFICATED/DROWNING
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» ANGINA PECTORIS/CHEST
PAIN
» LACK OF O2 TO THE HEART
MUSCLE
» “WAKE UP CALL”
» NITROGLYCERIN/02
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
MYELOMA
The cause of myeloma is
unknown
SYMPTOMS: bruising, low blood
counts, pain in you bones,
» Treatment: High dose
chemotherapy
» stem cell infusion - called a
stem cell transplant is often
offered as a best way to
control multiple myeloma for
as long as possible.
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» Arrhythmia» irregular heart rate
» BRADYCARDIA
˃ Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute)
» TACHYCARDIA
˃ Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute)
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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
» ARTERIOSCLEROSIS:
artery hardening due to age
ATHERIOSCLEROSIS
due to smoking,
heredity, stress and lifestyle
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» CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE/CAD
» CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT
BLOOD FLOW TO HEART
CAUSED BY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
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» HYPERTENSION/high blood
pressure
What factors influence the
development of hypertension?
Diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics,
smoking.
Treatment: exercise, diet change , quit
smoking, medication
Why is it called the “silent killer?”
Quit taking medication can cause a
stroke or heart attack.
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