Transcript CPR2014

Welcome to the
Canadian Red Cross
First Aid & CPR
Course
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
Day 1
Preparing to Respond
EMS
Check, Call, Care
Slide 2
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Definition of First Aid
First aid is the immediate care that you give to a sick or
injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.
The First Aider’s Role:
1. Recognize the
emergency
2. Call EMS/9-1-1
3. Act according to your
skills, knowledge, and
comfort level
Slide 3
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First Aid & CPR
Why Are People Afraid Of Offering Support?
•
•
•
•
•
Slide 4
Other people at the scene
The ill or injured person
Unpleasant injuries or illnesses
Catching a disease
Doing something wrong
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First Aid & CPR
Infection
An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of
the body by germs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slide 5
Germs in the environment
The germs enter body
Enough germs to cause infection
The individual’s natural defences must be weak
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First Aid & CPR
How is an Infection Spread Between People?
Direct contact >
Indirect contact >
Slide 6
Airborne
transmission >
Vector transmission >
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First Aid & CPR
Preventing Diseases From Spreading
• Take personal
precautions
• Wear protective
equipment
• Take
environmental
precautions
Slide 7
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First Aid & CPR
Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slide 8
List three examples of a medical emergency.
How can a disease be transmitted in first aid?
How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid?
Can you be sued for doing first aid?
Name three elements of a home safety plan.
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First Aid & CPR
Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
Slide 9
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First Aid & CPR
Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic
Check
Call
Care
Slide 10
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First Aid & CPR
Check – Begin a Primary Survey
Before helping at an emergency,
check the scene:
1. Is it safe?
2. What happened? How did it happen?
3. How many ill or injured people are
there?
4. Is there someone to help me?
5. Is there someone who looks
unconscious?
Slide 11
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First Aid & CPR
If the scene is safe, check the person:
• Do they respond?
– Ask the person, “Are you okay?”
– If it is safe, get closer
– Gently tap the person on the shoulder
• Do they want your help?
– Tell them:
• Who you are
• You are trained in first aid
• You are here to help
Slide 12
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First Aid & CPR
Call
•
•
Call EMS/9-1-1
Be ready to tell the dispatcher the
following:
1. Where exactly the emergency is
2. What telephone number you are
calling from
3. What your name is
4. What has happened
5. How many people are involved
and what their condition is
Slide 13
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First Aid & CPR
Care
•
•
Slide 14
Check for any life-threatening emergencies immediately
Determine care required: check ABCs
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First Aid & CPR
Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies
Check:
• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation
Slide 15
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First Aid & CPR
Shock
Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which
vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.
Shock can be caused by:
•Injury
•Illness
•Infection
•Emotion
Treat everybody for shock.
Slide 16
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First Aid & CPR
First Aid – Shock
While you are waiting for EMS
personnel to arrive:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slide 17
Care for the cause of the
shock.
Keep the person warm.
Monitor ABCs.
Have the person rest.
Give comfort and
reassurance.
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries?
Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are present.
Do the three-steps of a secondary survey:
1. Ask SAMPLE questions
2. Check vital signs
3. Do a head-to-toe check
Always complete the secondary survey before treating
any non-life-threatening injuries.
Slide 18
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First Aid & CPR
Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions
S
A
M
P
L
E
Slide 19
Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last meal
Events leading up to the emergency
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First Aid & CPR
Secondary Survey – Vital Signs
• Level of consciousness
• Breathing
• Skin
Slide 20
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First Aid & CPR
Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check
Hands-Off Check
Slide 21
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First Aid & CPR
Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check
Hands-On Check
Slide 22
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First Aid & CPR
Continual Care
•
•
Keep the person
comfortable
Put an unconscious
person in the recovery
position if:
– The airway is open
– The person is
breathing
– There is no deadly
bleeding
– You don’t suspect a
neck or back injury
•
Monitor the person
Slide 23
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First Aid & CPR
Summary
Check
•
•
Check the scene
Check the person
Call
•
Call EMS/9-1-1
Care
•
Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs)
Secondary Survey
•
Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening
injuries
Continual Care
•
Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs
Slide 24
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First Aid & CPR
Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Slide 25
What should you do during the check?
What actions must you take in call?
What actions must you take in care?
What can you do to prevent shock?
What do you do during the secondary survey?
What does the acronym SAMPLE stand for?
What should you look for in a head-to-toe check?
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
Slide 26
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First Aid & CPR
Day 2
Choking
&
Airway Emergencies
Slide 27
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First Aid & CPR
Airway Emergencies
What would you do?
Slide 28
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First Aid & CPR
Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology
Nose
Mouth
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Slide 29
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First Aid & CPR
Airway Blockages
•
•
A mild airway obstruction
occurs when the airway is
partly blocked, reducing the
flow of air to the lungs
Blockage
A severe airway obstruction
occurs when the airway is
totally blocked, stopping air
from reaching the lungs
If the person can speak, cough,
or breathe, it is mild choking.
Slide 30
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
ACT Manual
Using the ACT Manual (part of your handout):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slide 31
Describe 2 types of choking.
Describe signs and symptoms of mild choking.
Describe signs and symptoms of severe choking
Know the universal sign for choking.
Refer to your handout for the first aid for conscious
severe choking adult and for unconscious severe choking
adult.
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slide 32
How would you prevent choking?
How would you recognize that someone is choking?
What are the first aid steps for mild choking?
What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking?
What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking
and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill!
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Airway Emergencies – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
Slide 33
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First Aid & CPR
Breathing Emergencies
What would you do?
Slide 34
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First Aid & CPR
DVD’s:
• DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult
• DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult
• Practice Time!
Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking
first aid!
Slide 35
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First Aid & CPR
Day 3
Circulation
Emergencies
Slide 36
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First Aid & CPR
No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die
Without oxygen, brain cells begin to
die in 4 to 6 minutes.
0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon
stop beating. Clinical death.
4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible.
6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely.
10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage
certain. Biological death.
Slide 37
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First Aid & CPR
Circulation Emergencies
What would you do?
Slide 38
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First Aid & CPR
Anatomy and Physiology
To upper body
Aorta
To lung
To lung
From lung
From lung
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
From lower body
Slide 39
To lower body
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First Aid & CPR
Chest Pain
• Angina
• Heart attack
Partial blockage
Slide 40
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First Aid & CPR
Risk Factors for Developing
Cardiovascular Disease
Controllable factors:
• Smoking
• Poor diet
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Stress
• Lack of regular exercise
Slide 41
Other factors:
• Gender
• Heredity
• Age
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack
and Angina
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Squeezing chest pain
Problems breathing
Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women)
Cold, sweaty skin
Skin that is bluish or paler than normal
Nausea and vomiting
Denial
Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.
Slide 42
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina
1. Have the person rest.
2. Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If
they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin.
3. Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA.
• Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum).
• If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose
doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew
two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet.
Slide 43
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.
Causes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Slide 44
Cardiovascular disease
Drowning
Suffocation
Certain drugs
Severe chest injuries
Severe blood loss
Electrocution
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and
Automated External Defibrillation (AED)
• Clinical death occurs when
the heart stops. It is
reversible.
• CPR keeps oxygen-rich
blood circulating
throughout the body.
• AED can deliver a shock to
re-establish an effective
rhythm. Quick defibrillation
greatly increases chances
of survival.
Slide 45
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
DVD
• DVD #9
-CPR technique
Slide 46
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Early AED
• Survival rate decreases 7% to 10% with each minute
there is a delay
• Defibrillation combined with CPR, is the key treatment in
more than 80% of all sudden cardiac arrest victims
For un-witnessed arrest:
• 2 minutes of CPR can increase chances of the AED
detecting a shockable rhythm
Slide 47
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Stroke
A stroke happens when the blood flow to the brain
gets interrupted
Causes:
• A clot in an artery to the brain
• An artery that ruptures in the brain
• A tumour
Slide 48
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Signs and Symptoms of Transient Ischemic
Attacks and Stroke
F - Face
A - Arm
S - Speech
T - Time
•
•
•
•
Slide 49
First Aid for a stroke:
Call EMS/9-1-1
Have the person rest
Place the person in the recovery position
with the affected side up
Monitor ABCs and provide reassurance
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions
1. List the risk factors for developing cardiovascular
disease.
2. What is the first aid for someone complaining of chest
pain?
3. When do you do CPR?
4. What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?
5. What is the first aid for a suspected stroke?
Slide 50
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First Aid & CPR
Circulation Emergencies – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
Slide 51
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First Aid & CPR
Day 4
Cardiac Arrest
&
Automated External
Defibrillator
(AED)
Slide 52
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First Aid & CPR
What is an AED and how does it work?
• The normal pumping action of the heart is triggered by an
electrical impulse that begins at the top of the heart and
goes to the bottom.
• When this electrical impulse stops or becomes erratic, the
heart stops pumping blood.
• When the heart’s electrical impulse and system are
chaotic and the heart is vibrating like a bowl of jelly, the
person doesn’t have a pulse (ventricular fibrillation).
• Sometimes the electrical activity is more organized and
regular but is still ineffective (ventricular tachycardia).
Slide 53
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
• AEDs are portable, batteryoperated devices that
analyze a person’s cardiac
electrical activity using
large electrodes that are
put on the person’s chest
and connected to the
defibrillator by a set of cables.
• AEDs can analyze a person’s heart rhythm and decide
whether he or she needs an electric shock to re-start the
normal heart rhythm.
• Defibrillation sends an electrical current through the heart
to stop abnormal electrical activity and allows the heart to
re-establish normal electrical impulses.
Slide 54
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
• In over 80% of all sudden cardiac deaths, the person’s
heart rhythm was “shockable” (ventricular tachycardia or
ventricular fibrillation) – in other words, defibrillation could
have helped. If the person’s heart has no electrical
activity, defibrillation won’t help.
• The success of defibrillation in people with ventricular
fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia depends on how
much time has passed before defibrillation has begun.
• For each minute that the person has to wait for
defibrillation, the chance of survival drops between 7 and
10%.
Slide 55
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Using an AED
When using an AED:
• Make sure the AED is ready for use
• Turn on the machine
• Follow the diagrams to place the pads
• Use the age appropriate pads
• Follow the voice prompts!
No one touch the person.
When shocking, state, “I’m clear, you’re clear,
everybody’s clear.”
Slide 56
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
• Make sure that the person’s chest is dry. Dry it off if
necessary.
• If the person has a lot of chest hair, it needs to be
removed.
• If the person has a nitro-glycerine, nicotine, or hormone
patch in the area where he or she is going to be shocked,
remove the patch so that it doesn’t create burns. Wear
protective gloves so you do not come in contact with the
medication.
• Remove any clothing and body jewellery or
necklaces/chains on the person that are close to the area
where you will place the pads.
Slide 57
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
• If the person has a pacemaker or implanted defibrillator,
don’t place the electrodes directly over the device.
• NO ONE should touch the person during the “analyze” or
“shock” modes.
• Give a shock if the AED instructs you to. Watch to make
sure no one is touching the person when you push
“shock.”
• Continue to follow prompts until EMS arrives
Slide 58
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First Aid & CPR
A Properly Prepared AED Should Have:
• Razor
• Scissors
• Cloth
Slide 59
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
DVD
• DVD #9
– Review Check, Call, Care, CPR & AED
Slide 60
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
AED Demonstration
Slide 61
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR
Practice Time!
• Work in groups of 3 to practice with the AED.
• Be able to:
-describe special considerations with the AED, particularly
safety considerations!
-describe adjuncts used with the AED
(pocket mask, scissors, towel, razor)
Slide 62
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First Aid & CPR
Day 5
Practical
&
Written Testing
Slide 63
Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
First Aid & CPR