Transcript Anterior - Mr. Morrison's Biology Class

The Circulatory System
What does the Circulatory System do?
The Circulatory System is made of blood vessels, arteries,
veins and capillaries that inall one sync that contributes to
fueling your body with rich oxygen. Without the circulatory
your body would not be able to survive. If the circulatory
system fails your vital will not be pumped blood which means
they will not receive oxygen to function properly, in which
they will shut down and stop working.
Blood and It’s Components
 Blood is a mixture of cells
(White Blood Cells and Red Blood
Cells) and a watery liquid called
plasma which lets the cells travel
through the body with ease.
Blood also contains nutrients
(sugars), hormones, clotting
agents, and waste products that
will be flushed out of the body.
 There are three types of cells
in the blood stream: red blood
cells, white blood cells and
platelets. Red blood cells carry
oxygen from the lungs to the
entire body, white blood cells
fight infection and platelets help
in clotting.
Red blood cells (also
known as erythrocytes)
are what make up most of
the bloodstream(40-45%)
and these are what give
blood is characteristic
color. Red blood cells are
like little tiny doughnuts
with a tiny indentation in
the middle instead of a
hole. They contain a
special molecule called
hemoglobin which is what
carries the oxygen
through the body.
Blood Types
• Karl Landsteiner first identified the major human blood groups -namely O, A, B, and AB -- in a series of experiments in 1901 that
earned him the Nobel Prize. (At the time, Landsteiner identified
only groups A, B, and O; further analysis, two years later, revealed
AB.)
• The ABO blood groups are defined by specific inherited molecules,
or antigens, that are present on the surface of red blood cells.
• Thus, one inherits either A or B antigens (group A or B), both A and
B antigens (group AB), or neither antigen (group O).
• Conversely, a person develops a natural immunity, or antibody, in
their plasma to the ABO antigens that are absent on their own red
cells.
• Thus, a group A person has anti-B antibodies, and group O person
has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Blood Types
• There are many other antigens on the red cell surface. The
most important is the Rh factor.
• A person is defined as either Rh positive or Rh negative
depending on the presence of the primary Rh antigen on
the red cell.
• In contrast to ABO antigens, however, a person only
develops anti-Rh after exposure to Rh-positive red cells
through transfusion or pregnancy.
• Modern blood-banking technology uses highly sensitive
tests to properly identify and match blood between donor
and recipient.
• The most common blood types in the U.S. are A+ and O+ -about 72 percent of the population has one or the other.
AB- is the rarest blood type (1 percent of the population).
The Heart
The heart believe it or not is one of
the most important organs in the
body. The heart beats around 72
times a minute throughout our lives.
It is no more the a pump made of
almost all muscle used to pump
oxygen rich blood to parts of the body
in need of it. This pump also removes
the ending waste product the body
does not need.
 Example: The Brain requires
oxygen and glucose, which not
received non-stop will cause it
to lose consciousness.
 The heart is just a little larger then
a fist. Even so, it works just like any
other muscle in the body by
contracting and expanding. The heart
unlike the skeletal muscles works on
an All-or-Nothing Law; this means
that each time the heart contracts it
uses its full force.
 The pumping of the heart is called
Cardiac Cycle. This means that the cycle
lasts about eight-tenths of a second. During
the cycle the entire heart gets about fourtenths of a second to rest.
 The walls of the heart are made up of
three layers while the cavity is divided into
four parts. The two upper parts of the heart
are called the left and right atria and the
two lower parts are the left and right
ventricles. The Right Atrium receives blood
from the body through the superior vena
cava and the inferior vena cava as well as
the heart muscle itself to the coronary
sinus. The right atrium opens into the right
ventricle through the right atrioventicular
valve(tricuspid).
The Heart Continued
 The Right Ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs
to be reoxygenated. The
left atrium receives blood
from the lungs via the four
pulmonary veins. The valve
between the left atrium
and left ventricle the left
atrioventicular (bicuspid) is
smaller then the tricuspid.
The left ventricle pumps
blood throughout the
entire body; it is called the
Aorta, which is the largest
artery in the body and
begins from the left
ventricle.
 It is the Atria that draw blood
from the lungs to the body, and
the ventricles are the ones that
pump blood to the lungs and
body.
Blood Vessels
• The blood moves through the body
through the blood vessels -- essentially,
flexible tubes that branch out and
subdivide. There are different types of
blood vessels: the arteries, capillaries,
and veins.
Arteries
• Arteries carry the oxygen-rich blood that
the heart pumps to the rest of the body.
The heart pumps the blood out through
one main artery, the dorsal aorta.
• This branches out into smaller arteries,
which branch out in turn. The smallest
arteries are called arterioles, and connect
to capillaries.
Arteries
• Because the arteries carry
large quantities of blood
that is under high pressure
from the beating of the
heart, they are wide and
thick.
•
The walls of an artery
consist of three layers: a
tough outer layer, a middle
layer of muscle, and a
smooth inner layer through
which the blood can flow
easily.
• The muscles in the
middle layer help the
heart pump the blood,
squeezing down to
move the blood along.
• You can feel the pulsing
of the arteries, that’s
your pulse.
Vena Cava
• The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is the large
vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from
the lower half of the body into the heart.
Pulmonary
• The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the
heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries
(other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that
carry deoxygenated blood.
Ulnar Artery
• The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with
oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the
forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and
terminates in the superficial palmar arch,
which joins with the superficial branch of the
radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and
medial aspect of the wrist.
Radial Artery
• In human anatomy, the radial artery is the
main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of
the lateral aspect of the forearm.
Renal Artery
• The renal arteries normally arise off the side
of the abdominal aorta, immediately below
the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the
kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the
crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a
right angle with the aorta.
Brachial Artery
• The brachial artery is the major blood vessel
of the upper arm.
Aorta
• The aorta (pronounced "ay-OR-tuh") is the
largest artery in the human body, originating
from the left ventricle of the heart and
bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the
body in the systemic circulation.
Subclavian Artery
• In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a
major artery of the upper thorax that mainly
supplies blood to the head and arms. It is
located below the clavicle, hence the name.
There is a left subclavian and a right
subclavian.
External Carotid Artery
• In human anatomy, the external carotid
artery is a major artery of the head and neck.
It arises from the common carotid artery
when it bifurcates into an internal and
external branch.
Internal Carotid Artery
• In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery
is a major artery of the head and neck that
helps supply blood to the brain.
Capillaries
• Blood passes from the arterioles into the capillaries.
Capillaries are very narrow -- only one cell wide.
• They have very thin walls made of overlapping flat cells
called endothelium; the walls are thin so that oxygen and
carbon dioxide can pass through them easily.
• Inside the capillaries, the red blood cells release their
oxygen, which passes through the capillary walls and into
the surrounding tissue.
• The tissue releases its waste products, like carbon dioxide,
which passes through the capillary walls and into the red
blood cells.
Sinusoids
• Some organs -- the liver, spleen, and bone
marrow -- contain blood vessels called
sinusoids instead of capillaries.
• Like capillaries, sinusoids are composed of
endothelium. Sinusoids are a bit larger than
capillaries.
Veins
• From the capillaries/sinusoids, the de-oxygenated, wasteladen blood passes into the veins for its return trip to the
heart.
• Veins are like arteries in that they have three layers. But
since the blood is not under as much pressure, the walls of
veins are thinner.
• Veins contain one-way valves to keep the blood flowing
toward the heart, even against the pull of gravity. Because
the blood in veins contains so little oxygen, it appears
bluish rather than bright red.
• That's why the veins you can see through your skin (for
example, in the underside of your wrist) are blue.
Saphenous
• The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater
saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous)
superficial vein of the leg and thigh. First
described by the Persian physician Avicenna in
the 11th century, it derives its name from the
term 'Safin' meaning hidden. It travels mostly
in its own fascial compartment in the thigh
and is hence 'hidden'.
External Jugular Vein
• The external jugular vein receives the greater
part of the blood from the exterior of the
cranium and the deep parts of the face, being
formed by the junction of the posterior
division of the posterior facial with the
posterior auricular vein.
Internal Jugular Vein
• The internal jugular vein collects the blood
from the brain, the superficial parts of the
face, and the neck.
Pulmonary Veins
• The four pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich
blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart. They are the only veins in the post-fetal
human body that carry oxygenated (red)
blood.
Subclavian veins
• In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are
two large veins, one on either side of the
body. Its diameter is approximately that of a
man's small finger. It is divided into right and
left subclavian vein.
External Iliac Veins
• The external iliac veins are large veins that
connect the femoral veins to the common iliac
veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of
the inguinal ligaments and they terminate
when they join the internal iliac veins (to form
the common iliac veins).
Basilic Vein
• In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large
superficial vein of the upper limb that helps
drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates
on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous
network of the hand, and it travels up the
base of the forearm and arm. Most of its
course is superficial; it generally travels in the
fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the
muscles of the upper extremity. Because of
this, it is usually visible through the skin.
Superior Vena Cava
• The superior vena cava is a large, yet short
vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from
the upper half of the body to the heart's right
atrium.
Femoral Vein
• In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood
vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in
the femoral sheath. It begins at the adducto
canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a
continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at
the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament,
where it becomes the external iliac vein.