Transcript Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Cardiovascular, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems
and Blood
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter 10
Lesson 10.1
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
3



Identify the organs and structures of the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood
and the function of the immune system.
Define and spell word parts related to the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder
terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic
systems and blood.
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Cardiovascular System
4
The cardiovascular system consists of the
heart and a closed network of blood
vessels composed of arteries, capillaries,
and veins.
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Function of the Cardiovascular System
5
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The heart pumps blood containing oxygen and
nutrients to body tissues through the arteries.
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste
between the blood and body tissue takes place in
the capillaries.
The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is
carried from the tissues through veins to organs of
excretion.
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Cardiovascular System
6

-
heart:
muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a closed
fist, located behind the breast bone and between
the lungs; the pumping action circulates blood
throughout the body
upper chambers: right and left atria
lower chambers: right and left ventricles
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Interior of the Heart
7
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
8
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-
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-
Atrioventricular valves:
consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie
between the right atrium and the right ventricle and
the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves
of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.
semilunar valves:
pulmonary and aortic valves, located between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between
the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
9
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-
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pericardium:
two-layer sac surrounding the heart; an external
fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes
a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart
Three layers of the heart:
epicardium: covers the heart
myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer
endocardium: inner lining of the heart
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
10
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blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry
blood throughout the body
arteries: carry blood containing oxygen and other
nutrients away from the heart to the body cells,
except for the pulmonary artery, which carries
carbon dioxide and other waste products to the
lungs
arterioles: smallest arteries
aorta: largest artery in the body
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Types of Blood Vessels
11
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
12
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veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and
other waste products back to the heart, except for
the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart
venules: smallest veins in the body
venae cavae: largest veins in the body
capillaries: connect arterioles with venules;
exchange of gases takes place in capillaries
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Function of Blood
13
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Maintains internal balance in the body.
Activities of the blood include transportation, such
as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by
certain cells that protect the body against
microorganisms, and regulation by controlling
temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte
balance.
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14
Composition of Blood
15
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plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are
suspended

cells: formed elements
 erythrocytes:
red blood cells that carry
oxygen
 leukocytes: white blood cells that combat
infection
 thrombocytes (platelets): responsible for
aiding in the clotting process
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16
The Lymphatic System
17
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The lymphatic system consists of lymph
transported through lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus
gland.
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Function of the Lymphatic System
18
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Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood.
Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from the
small intestine and transports them to the blood
and provides defense against infection.
Collected interstitial fluid called lymph travels
away from body tissue toward the heart and is
drained into the cardiovascular system through
ducts in the upper chest. Breathing and muscle
action help propel lymph through the vessels.
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Lymphatic System
19
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Threaded Case Study: Li Chen
20
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Before we begin to explore the anatomy of the
cardiovascular system, let's meet Li Chen. Li and his
wife Mai own a small, cozy antiquities and gift shop
in San Francisco, specializing in "fine china—old and
new—art prints, textiles, and a little furniture," he
says.
Li has come to Dr. Stamatis because sometimes his
heart races or starts to pound. He also says that he
seems to be catching colds more easily. He wonders if
his frequent bouts of rhinitis could be related to
allergies. He mentions that he often feels fatigued
and has lost a little weight. Hearing this, Dr. Stamatis
decides that a good first step is to do a blood
analysis.
Lymphatic System (cont’d)
21
lymph: transparent, colorless tissue fluid;
lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes
 lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of
lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances
such as bacteria from the blood

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Lymphatic System (cont’d)
22
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spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal
cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm;
largest lymphatic organ in the body
thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending
aorta and posterior to the sternum between the
lungs; plays an important role in the development
of the body’s immune system
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23
The Immune System: Functions
24
The immune system does not have its own organs and
structures.
Functions: protects the body against pathogens
(bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause
allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal
body cells (e.g., cancer).
Three lines of defense:
First line: mechanical and chemical barriers
Second line: natural killer cells—protective proteins
Third line: specific immunity, formation of specific
antibodies to fight against the infectious agent
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Three Lines of Defense…
25
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26
Threaded Case Study
27
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
Let's return to Li Chen, whose doctor has begun the
physical examination. Dr. Stamatis is gathering a
wealth of data about the functioning of Li's heart
and blood vessels. Dr. Stamatis listens to Li's heart
sounds.
Li will describe his personal health habits, review his
health history, and be encouraged to recall any
additional symptoms he's experienced. We'll return
soon to see how his exam is progressing.
Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems and Blood
28
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angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
atri/o
cardi/o
lymphaden/o
lymph/o
myel/o
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



phleb/o
plasm/o
splen/o
thym/o
valv/o, valvul/o
ventricul/o
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Combining Forms Used with
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
29
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ather/o
ech/o
electr/o
isch/o
therm/o
thromb/o
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Prefix
30
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brady-
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Suffixes
31
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
-ac
-apheresis
-graph
-penia
-poiesis
-sclerosis
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Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms
32
Suffix
-gram
-graph
-graphy
Meaning
record, radiographic
image
instrument used to
record; record
process of recording,
radiographic imaging
Chapter
6
10
5
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Clicker Question
33
Which of the following means vein?
a) arteri/o
b) phleb/o
c) valv/o
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Speak and Spell
34


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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word
Parts: Cardiovascular System
35
 angioma
 angiostenosis
 aortic
stenosis
 arteriosclerosis
 atherosclerosis
 bradycardia
 cardiomegaly
 cardiomyopathy
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from
Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
36
 endocarditis
 ischemia
 myocarditis
 pericarditis
 phebitis
 polyarteritis
 tachycardia
 thrombophlebitis
 valvulitis
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from
Word Parts: Blood
37
 hematoma
 multiple
myeloma
 pancytopenia
 thrombosis
 thrombus
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built
from Word Parts: Lymphatic System
38
 lymphadenitis
 lymphadenopathy
 lymphoma
 splenomegaly
 thymoma
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Clicker Question
39
Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
a) ather/o/sclerosis
b) ather/o/scler/osis
c) ather/o/sclero/sis
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word
Parts: Cardiovascular System
40
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
acute coronary syndrome
(ACS)
aneurysm
angina pectoris
arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation
cardiac arrest
cardiac tamponade
•
•
•
•
•
Coarctation of the aorta
Congenital heart disease
Congestive heart failure
(CHF)
Coronary artery disease
Coronary Occlusion
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41
Threaded Case Study
42


Dr. Stamatis realizes that an
inflammatory disease is certainly a
possibility for Li Chen, especially
considering the fact that he feels
exhausted so much of the time.
By now, you're well aware that many of
the medical terms built from word parts
indicate inflammation by adding the
suffix -itis to the end of a word root.
Let's look at several new terms that use
this suffix.
Threaded Case Study
43



One thing Li has had for some time now is a slight heart
murmur. His wife Mai asks, "Could all this fatigue have to do
with his heart murmur?"
"That's a good question," Dr. Stamatis says. "In Li's case,
though, the heart murmur is a result of mitral valve prolapse,
which is not dangerous and also cannot really be treated. That
condition makes him slightly more prone to lowered blood
pressure and occasional dizziness if he stands or sits up too
fast. But the prolapse in itself, and the murmur in itself, would
not cause this kind of fatigue. There are other possibilities,
though, and that's what we're checking out."
"You see?" Li assures his wife. "It's all being checked out. Stop
your worrying."
Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from
Word Parts: Cardiovascular System(cont’d)
44
 deep
vein thrombosis (DVT)
 hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
 intermittent claudication
 mitral valve stenosis
 myocardial infarction (MI)
 peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
 rheumatic heart disease
 varicose veins
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from
Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)
45
 anemia
 embolus
(pl. emboli)
 hemophilia
 leukemia
 sepsis
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from
Word Parts: Lymphatic System (cont’d)
46
 Hodgkin
disease
 infectious mononucleosis
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47
Aortic Stenosis
48
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Atrial Fibrillation
49
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Aneurysm
50
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Coarctation of the Aorta
51
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Bacterial Endocarditis
52
53
Congestive heart
failure (CHF) is a
condition in which the
heart is unable to pump
the amount of blood
required to meet the
body's metabolic
needs.
54
Splenomegaly
55
56
Speak and Spell
57
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Threaded Case Study
58


Dr. Stamatis is interested in doing more blood tests.
Blood tests are the perfect place to start looking for
the source of Li Chen's fatigue, because fatigue is
often a symptom of anemia. If that's the case with Li
Chen, his main symptom can be remedied fairly
easily.
Let's begin by looking at sepsis, a condition in which
pathogenic microorganisms invade the blood or other
tissues causing an overwhelming blood infection
(seps/o) and leading to a systemic inflammatory
response. Sepsis is sometimes referred to as
septicemia.
59
CHAPTER 10
Lesson 10.2
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Objectives
60


Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related
to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and
blood.
Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms
related to the cardiovascular system and blood.
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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
61

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System
 angioplasty
 splenectomy
 atherectomy
 splenopexy
 endarterectomy
 thymectomy
 pericardiocentesis
 phlebectomy
 phlebotomy
 valvuloplasty
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A, Balloon dilation. B,
Coronary arteriogram before PTCA. The arrow indicates the stenotic area,
estimated at 95% minimum blood flow distal to the lesion. C, Coronary
arteriogram after PTCA in the same patient. Blood flow is estimated to be 100%.
62
Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System
63
 aneurysmectomy
 bone
marrow transplant
 cardiac pacemaker
 coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG)
 coronary stent
 embolectomy
 femoropopliteal
bypass
 implantable cardiac
defibrillator
 intracoronary thrombolytic
therapy
 coronary angioplasty
(PTCA)
 percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
64
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Treatment of CHF often
includes pharmacologic and
nutritional components.
Medications may be given to
improve the pumping action of
the heart and to promote the
excretion of fluids. Dietary
sodium and fluid intake may
also be restricted.
If efforts to control CHF with
medications and diet fail, heart
transplantation may be
required. Heart transplantation
is the surgical removal of a
donor heart and transfer of the
organ to a recipient, as shown
in the line drawing to the right.
65
Coronary Stent
A
B
C
a)
b)
c)
66
Stent at site of plaque formation
Inflated balloon and expanded stent
Implanted stent
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Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
67
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68
Clicker Question
69
Which of the following is performed to
remove fatty plaque from an artery?
a) angioplasty
b) aneurysmectomy
c) atherectomy
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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Blood
70
 bone
marrow aspiration
 bone marrow biopsy
 bone marrow transplant
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Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone marrow aspiration. Study of the bone marrow can be used to identify
the presence of leukemia or other malignancies or to determine the cause
of anemia.
71
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Placement of Defibrillator Paddles
72
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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System
73

Diagnostic imaging
 angiography
 angioscope
 angioscopy
 aortogram
 arteriogram
 venogram
 venography
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Arteriogram
showing the
right main
pulmonary
artery. This
procedure
(arteriography)
is performed
after injection of
contrast
material.
74
Digital subtraction angiography
(DSA). A, Lateral digital
nonsubtracted carotid artery. B,
Lateral digital subtracted carotid
artery. By removing unwanted
anatomy, the image of the carotid
artery is of high quality.
75
Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
76
 echocardiogram
(ECHO)
 electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
 electrocardiograph
 electrocardiography
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Electrocardiogram
77
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System
78

Diagnostic imaging
 digital
subtraction angiography (DSA)
 Doppler ultrasound
 exercise stress test
 single-photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT)
 thallium test
 transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
79

Cardiovascular Studies
 cardiac
catheterization
 impedance plethysmography (IPC)
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
80

Other diagnostic terms
 blood
pressure
 pulse
 sphygmomanometer
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Measurement of Blood Pressure
81
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
82

Laboratory
 C-reactive
protein
 creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
 homocysteine
 lipid profile
 troponin
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Clicker Question
83
Which measures the number of times per minute the
heart beat is felt on the arterial wall?
a) IPG
b) blood pressure
c) pulse
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Blood (cont’d)
84
Laboratory
 coagulation
time
 complete blood count and differential count
(CBC and Diff)
 hematocrit (HCT)
 hemoglobin (Hgb)
 prothrombin time (PT)
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85
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86
CHAPTER 10
Lesson 10.3
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Objectives
87



Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms
related to the cardiovascular and immune systems
and blood.
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations presented in
the chapter.
Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language
in simulated medical statements and documents.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System
88
 atrioventricular
(AV)
 cardiac
 cardiogenic
 cardiologist
 cardiology
 hypothermia
 intravenous
 phlebologist
 phlebology
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Built from Word
Parts: Blood (cont’d)
89
 hematologist
 hematology
 hematopoiesis
 hemolysis
 hemostasis
 myelopoiesis
 plasmapheresis
 thrombolysis
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clicker Question
90
A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek
treatment from a:
a)hematologist
b)cardiologist
c)phlebologist
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System
91
 cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)
 defibrillation
 diastole
 extracorporeal
 extravasation
 fibrillation
 heart
murmur
 hypercholesterolemia
 hyperlipidemia
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
92
 hypertension
 hypertriglyceridemia
 hypotension
 lipids
 lumen
 occlude
 systole
 vasoconstrictor
 vasodilator
 venipuncture
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Blood
93
 anticoagulant
 blood
dyscrasia
 hemorrhage
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts:
Immune System
94









allergen
allergist
allergy
anaphylaxis
antibodies
antigen
autoimmune disease
Immune
Immunodeficiency




Immunologist
Immunology
Phagocytosis
vaccine
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abbreviations
95

ACS

CPR

AFib

CRP

AV

CPK

BP

DSA

CABG

DVT

CAD

ECG, EKG

CBC

ECHO

CCU

HCT

CHF
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abbreviations (cont’d)
96

Hgb

HHD

ICD

IV

MI

PAD

PT

RBC

SPECT

TEE

WBC
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Read Medical Terms in Use
A 55-year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in the
calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Three days prior,
the patient had completed trans-Pacific airline travel,
spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history
of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or
thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed an
edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The pedal
pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained, which
revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was
hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin
was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will
continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will
be monitored monthly by prothrombin time.
97
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