Transcript 20th Century - eduBuzz.org

th
20
Century
Styles
and
Forms
Serial Music
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A 20th-century method of musical composition invented by Arnold Schoenberg
in which the twelve notes of the Chromatic scale are organised into a series or
a tone row. This row can be transposed, inverted or played in retrograde.
Serial music is highly dissonant.
Arnold Schoenberg
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2nd
Viennese
School
Anton Webern
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Alban Berg
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The Tone Row
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Tone Row – A serial of 12 notes. Each note is a different note of a chromatic scale
Retrograde – Playing a melody backwards
Inversion – Playing a melody upside down
Sprechgesang
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Another technique adopted by Schoenberg and Berg was Sprechgesang .
This is a technique used in vocal music where the singer is required
to use the voice in an expressive manner half-way between singing and speaking.
Nationalism
A term used to describe music which incorporates elements of folk music
of the composer’s country. It emerged about the second half of the 19th
century and was a type of Romanticism.
Bela Bartok
Hungary
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Edvard Grieg
Norway
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Aaron Copland
America
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Composers
and
Nationality
Leos Janacek
Czechoslovakia
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Manuel De Falla
Spain
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Neo-classical
New classicism. From about 1929 onwards this style in music
came about when composers reacted against Romanticism and
wanted to return to the structures and styles of earlier periods but combined
with dissonant, tonal and even atonal harmonies.
The composers started to write for smaller orchestras.
Famous
composers
Paul Hindemith
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Igor Stravinsky
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Sergei Profiev
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Musique concrète
Recorded natural sounds which are transformed using simple editing techniques
such as cutting and re-assembling, playing backwards, slowing down and
speeding up.
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Jazz funk
A combination of jazz Improvisation and the amplified instruments and
character of Rock. A chord very common in all jazz styles is the added 6th.
Chick Corea
Elektric Band
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Weather Report
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Marcus Miller
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Chant
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A series of chords to which the words of psalms are sung in the Church of England.
The texture of the music is homophonic and the word setting mainly syllabic.
Other Important
Features
Polytonality
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The use of two or more keys played or sung at the same time, e.g. the melody may
be in the key of C major whilst the accompaniment might be in E major.
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Darius Milhaud
Gustav Holst
Microtone
Any interval noticeably smaller than a semitone, most often found in the music
of Eastern European countries and also in Indian and Arabic music. It is
sometimes used by contemporary classical composers.
György Ligeti
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Charles Ives
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Krzysztof Penderecki
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John Cage
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Tritone
Interval of an augmented 4th, e.g. C–F# or F–B. It is made up of three whole tones.
The tritone has commonly been used in music since the Romantic Period.
The tritone interval is also known as Diabolus in Musica (The Devil in Music)
Romantic Music
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Heavy Metal
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West Side Story
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Irregular metres
Often in modern or rhythmically based ethnic music, groupings of notes change,
but the underlying pulse remains constant. Sometimes composers in the 20th
century try to destroy the feeling of a regular down beat by changing the time
signature frequently or using unusual time signatures eg. 5/4, or 7/8
Electric Counterpoint – Steve Reich
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Dave Brubek
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Howard Shore
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Sting
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