Yr8-AlgebraRecapx (Slides)
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Year 8 Algebra Recap
Dr J Frost ([email protected])
Objectives: (a) Recap simplifying expressions (b) Recap solving equations,
including brackets and the variable appearing on both sides. (b) Form
equations from context (with emphasis on quality of written
communication, e.g. "Let x be...").
Last modified: 28th August 2015
KEY TERMS
This is an example of a:
3
2π₯
Term
3π₯ + 2
Expression
2
5π₯
+1=2
A term is a product of numbers
and variables
?
(no additions/subtractions)
An expression is composed
? of one or more
terms, whether added or otherwise.
Equation
An equation says that the
? expressions on the
left and right hand side of the = have the same
value.
Quickfire Examples β Collecting βLike Termsβ
π₯3 + π₯2 + π₯2 + π₯
β ππ + ππ?π + π
π₯ 2 π¦ + 3π₯ 3 β π₯ 2 π¦ + π₯π¦ 2
? π
β πππ + ππ
3π₯ 2 + 4π₯ β π₯ 2 + π₯ β 3
? βπ
β πππ + ππ
3π₯π¦ + 3π¦ + 2 + 1
? +π
β πππ + ππ
8π₯ 2 β 3π₯ β π₯ 2 β 4π₯
?
β πππ β ππ
Bro Recap: Terms are βlikeβ if they have the
same variables and the same powers.
Multiplying
In algebra, we donβt like the × symbol; instead we put things
next to each other to indicate they are multiplied.
π₯×π¦
π¦×π₯
π₯×2
π₯×π₯
π₯ × π₯π¦
π¦ × π₯π¦
2π₯ × π₯
2π₯π¦ × 3π₯π¦
3π₯π¦ × 3π¦π§
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
ππ ?
ππ ?
ππ ?
ππ ?
ππ π?
πππ?
πππ?
πππ?ππ
πππ?π π
Division
6
9
β
2
?
3
Fractions are ultimately just divisions. How did we
simplify this fraction?
Can we apply the same principle to algebraic division?
2π₯
β
2
5π₯
π₯
π?
β π?
2π₯ 2
ππ
?
β
3π₯
π
10π₯π¦
15π₯
ππ
β ?
π
π₯ 2π¦
π
β ?
2
π₯π¦
π
12π₯π¦ 2 π§
16π₯π¦π§ 2
ππ
β ?
ππ
Test Your Understanding
6π§
β
3
7π₯ 2 π¦ 2
π₯π¦
2 2 3
5π π π
20ππ 2 π
ππ
?
β πππ
?
π
ππ ?
β
π
9π₯π¦ 2
8π₯ 2 π¦ 2
π₯
βπ¦
π¦
2π¦ 2
β πππ? π
Solving
Bro Note: You can probably see the answer to this in your
head because the equation is relatively simple, but this full
method is crucial when things become more complicated
4π + 20 = 32
?
-20
?
-20
?
4π =
12
?
οΈ4
Strategy: Do the opposite
operation to βget rid ofβ items
surrounding our variable.
π₯+4
οΈ4?
? 3
π=
Bro Tip: Many students find writing these
operations between each equation helpful to
remind them what theyβre doing to each side, but
youβll eventually want to wean yourself off these.
3π¦
π§
6
-4?
?
οΈ3
?
×6
π₯
π¦
π§
Test Your Understanding
Solve the following.
1
2
5π₯ β 2 = 23
π =? π
3π₯ + 11 = 7
π
π = ?β
π
3
4
2π₯ + 1 = 7
π = ?ππ
6π₯ 2 β 5
=7
7
π = ?π
What happens if variable appears on both sides?
5π + 3 = 2π + 9
What might our strategy be?
Collect the variable terms (i.e. The terms involving a) on one side of the
equation, and the βconstantsβ (i.e. The
? individual numbers) on the other
side.
What happens if variable appears on both sides?
Strategy? Collect the variable terms on the side of the equation where
thereβs more of them (and move?constant terms to other side).
Letβs move the βπβ
terms to the left
(as 5 > 2) and the
constants to the
right.
5π + 3 = 2π + 9
This is to get rid
of the constant
term on the left.
5π = 2π + 6
-3
-3
?
?
-2a
?
-2a
3π = 6
?
?
οΈ3
?
οΈ3
π =? 2
We could
have done
these two
steps in
either order.
More Examples
11π₯ β 4 = 2π₯ β 13
3π¦ + 4 = 8π¦ β 5
9
π¦=
5
π₯ = β1?
Way weβd have
previously done itβ¦
2 = β3π₯
2?
2
π₯=
=β
β3
3
5 = 3 β 3π₯
Both methods are valid,
but I prefer the second
β itβs best to avoid
dividing by negative
numbers, and is less
likely to lead to error.
?
Or where we put π₯ term on
side where itβs positive:
5 + 3π₯ = 3
3π₯ = β2
?2
π₯=β
3
Test Your Understanding
3π₯ β 3 = π₯ + 5
ππ = π
?
π=π
3 β 5π₯ = 5 + 2π₯
βπ = ππ
π ?
π=β
π
Dealing with Brackets
If thereβs any brackets, simply expand them first!
2 2π₯ + 3 = 9
ππ + π = π
ππ = βπ
?
π
π=β
π
3 β 4 2π₯ β 3 = 7π₯
π β ππ + ππ = ππ
ππ β ππ = ππ
?
ππ = πππ
π=π
Test Your Understanding
7 3π₯ β 1 = 21 + 14π₯
πππ β π = ππ + πππ
ππ = ππ
?
π=π
5β2 π₯+2 =4β3 2βπ₯
π β ππ β π = π β π + ππ
π β ππ = βπ + ππ
π = ππ
?
π
π=
π
Exercise 1
Solve the following.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
3π₯ = π₯ + 4
6π¦ = 4π¦ β 4
5π₯ + 3 = 3π₯ + 7
8π¦ β 3 = 6π¦ + 7
10π₯ + 3 = 7π₯ β 3
π₯ =2βπ₯
2π§ = 9 β π§
9π‘ = 99 β 2π‘
π₯ + 6 = 2π₯ β 6
7π¦ + 1 = 9π¦ + 5
5 π₯ β 2 = 30
2 π₯+1 =9+π₯
4 π₯ β 1 = 3π₯ β 1
14
3 π₯β2 =3+π₯
15
5 2π₯ + 3 = 20
π =?π
π =?βπ
π =?π
π =?π
π =? βπ
π =?π
π =?π
π =?ππ
π =?ππ
π =?βπ
π =?π
π =?π
π =?π
π
π =?
π
π
π =?
π
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
N
ππ
10 β 5 π₯ β 2 = 3 + 4π₯
π =?
π
9 β 4π₯ = 4 β 9π₯
π =?βπ
π
2 3π₯ + 1 = 3 + 2 2π₯ β 1
π = ?β
π
π
3 + 2 3π₯ + 1 = 7 + π₯
π =?
π
2β π₯β2 =π₯β 2βπ₯
π =?π
6+3 π¦β2 =5 π¦+4
π =?βππ
π₯ β 2 2 β π₯ = 3 π₯ β 2 β π₯ π =?βπ
1
3
1
π
π₯ + π₯ β 2 = 2π₯ β 3
π =?
2
4
3
π
RECAP :: Forming/Solving Process
Worded problem
[JMC 2008 Q18] Granny swears that she is getting younger. She has
calculated that she is four times as old as I am now, but remember that 5
years ago she was five times as old as I was at that time. What is the sum of
our ages now?
Stage 1: Represent
problem algebraically
Stage 2: βSolveβ equation(s)
to find value of variables.
Let π be my age and π
be Grannyβs age.
π β 5 = 5π β 25
π = 5π β 20
5π β 20 = 4π
π = 20
β΄ π = 80
π = 4π
π β 5 = 5(π β 5)
Example
The angles of a triangle are as
pictured. Determine π₯.
π + ππ
ππ
Step 1: Find two different expressions
for the thing of interest (one of them
often a provided number)
π β ππ
Step 2: Set them equal to each other.
Step 3: Solve!
Expr
π₯ + 10 +
2π₯1?
+ π₯ β 50 = 180 Expr 2?
4π₯ β 40 = 180
4π₯ = 220 Solve!
π₯ = 55
Another Example
π₯+4
3
π₯
10
The rectangle and triangle have the same
area. Determine the width of the rectangle.
Step 1: Find two different expressions
for the thing of interest (one of them
often a provided number)
Step 2: Set them equal to each other.
Step 3: Solve!
Expr
Expr 2?
3 π₯ 1?
+ 4 = 5π₯
3π₯ + 12 = 5π₯
12 = 2π₯
π₯ =Solve!
6
Therefore width of
rectangle is 6 + 4 = 10
Check Your Understanding
1 The following diagram shows the angles
of a quadrilateral. Determine π₯.
3π₯
2π₯ + 10
2π₯ + 20
Expr 2?
1?+ ππ + πππ = πππ
ππ + ππ + Expr
ππ + ππ
ππ + πππ = πππ
ππ = Solve!
πππ
π = ππ°
120
2 The area of the triangle is 1 more than the
π₯+4
5
N
π₯
area of the parallelogram. Determine π₯.
12
Expr
πExpr
π + π1?+ π = ππ
ππ + ππ + π = ππ
π = ππ
Solve!
2?
[JMO 1999 A9] Skimmed milk contains 0.1% fat and pasteurised whole milk contains
4% fat. When 6 litres of skimmed milk are mixed with π litres of pasteurised whole
milk, the fat content of the resulting mixture is 1.66%. What is the value of π?
6 × 0.001 + 0.04π = 0.0166 π + 6
?β
π=4
Forming the expressions yourself
Thomas is 5m shorter than Sebastian. Raul is double the
height of Sebastian. Their combined height is 35m. Find
Sebastianβs height.
Let Sebastianβs ?
height be π.
Then Thomasβ height is π β π.
Raulβs height is ?
ππ.
Then: π + π β π + ππ = ππ
ππ β?π = ππ
π = ππ
β΄ Sebastianβs height is 10m.
Use the word βLet β¦β to
define your variable(s)!
You want a clear narrative
while been as concise as
possible.
More Examples
[JMC 2013 Q7] After tennis training, Andy collects twice as
many balls as Roger and five more than Maria. They collect
35 balls in total. How many balls does Andy collect?
Let π be the number of balls Roger collects.
Then Andy collects ππ balls and Maria collects ππ β π.
Total balls collected:
π + ππ + ππ
? β π = ππ
ππ β π = ππ
π=π
So Andy collected π × π = ππ balls.
[TMC Regional 2014 Q9] In a list of seven consecutive numbers a
quarter of the smallest number is five less than a third of the largest
number. What is the value of the smallest number in the list?
Let smallest number be π. Then numbers are π, π + π, π + π, π + π, π + π, π + π, π + π
π
π
Therefore π π = π π + π β π
π
π
π = π?+ π β π
π
π
π
π = π β π = ππ
ππ
So smallest number is 36.
Test Your Understanding
1 The width of the rectangle is three
times the height. The total perimeter
is 56m. Determine its height.
Let π be the height of the rectangle.
Then the width is ππ.
Then the perimeter is:
π + ππ +?π + ππ = ππ
ππ = ππ
π=π
β΄ The height is 7m.
Bro Reminder: You
should usually start
with βLet β¦β
2 In 4 years time I will be 3 times as old as I was 10 years ago.
How old am I?
Let π be my age.
Then π + π = π π β ππ
π+π=
? ππ β ππ
ππ = ππ
π = ππ
(Teacher Note: For printout see βYear 7 β Equations Ex3β http://www.drfrostmaths.com/resource.php?id=11640 )
Exercise 2
1 Three angles in a triangle are π₯, 2π₯ + 20° and
7π₯ β 10°. What is π₯?
?
6
π = ππ°
?
2 Two angles on a straight line are π₯ + 30° and
2π₯ β 60°. What is π₯?
?
π = ππ°
3 The area of this rectangle
is 48. Determine π₯.
The sum of 5 consecutive numbers is
200. What is the smallest number?
Solution: 38 (a quick non-algebraic
method is to realise the middle number
is the average of the 5, i.e. 40)
π₯+5
7
4
[JMO 2013 A7] Calculate the value of π₯
in the diagram shown?
π=π
4 An equilateral triangle has lengths
3π₯ + 6, 5π₯, 5π₯. What is π₯?
?
π=π
?
Solution: 36
5 [JMC 1998 Q18] The three angles of a triangle
are π₯ + 10 °, 2π₯ β 40 °, 3π₯ β 90 °. Which
statement about the triangles is correct? It is:
A right-angled isosceles
B right-angled, but not isosceles
C equilateral
D obtuse-angled and isosceles
E none of A-D
?
Solution: C
8
The perimeter of this rectangle is 44.
What is π₯?
Solution: 7
2π₯ + 3
?
π₯β2
Exercise 2
9 In 5 years time I will be 5 times as
old as I was 11 years ago. Form a
suitable equation, and hence
determine my age.
π + π = π π β ππ
π = ππ ?
10 In 6 years time I will be twice as old
as I was 8 years ago. Determine my
age.
π+π=π πβπ
π = ππ ?
11 I have three times as many cats as
Alice but Bob has 7 less cats than
me. In total we have 56 cats. How
many cats do I have?
27
?
12 [TMC Final 2012 Q1] A Triple Jump
consists of a hop, step and jump. The
length of Keithβs step was three-quarters
of the length of his hop and the length of
his jump was half the length of his step.
If the total length of Keithβs triple jump
was 17m, what was the length of his
hop, in metres?
Solution: ?
8 metres
13 [JMO 2003 A6] Given a βstartingβ
number, you double it and add 1, then
divide the answer by 1 less than the
starting number to get the βfinalβ
number. If you start with 2, your final
number is 5. If you start with 4, your final
number is 3. What starting number gives
the final number 4?
ππ+π
Solution:
=π
πβπ
ππ +?π = π π β π
π
π=
Exercise 2
14
[JMO 2012 A3] In triangle π΄π΅πΆ, β πΆπ΄π΅ = 84°; π·
is a point on π΄π΅ such that β πΆπ·π΅ = 3 × β π΄πΆπ·
and π·πΆ = π·π΅. What is the size of β π΅πΆπ·?
16 [JMC 2012 Q24] After playing 500
games, my success rate in Spider
Solitaire is 49%. Assuming I win every
game from now on, how many extra
games do I need to play in order that my
success rate increases to 50%?
A 1
B 2 C 5 D 10
E 50
Let π be the number of extra games
played. Then, giving 245 games were
won before:
πππ + π = π. π πππ + π
π = ππ
Solution: Let β π¨πͺπ« = π, then β πͺπ«π© = ππ
and β π¨π«πͺ = πππ β ππ. Angles in π«π¨πͺπ«:
ππ + πππ β ππ + π = πππ
π = ππ°
πππβπππ
Then β π«πͺπ© =
= ππ°
?
?
(Note: itβs easier to just exploit the fact itβs multiple
choice and try the options!)
π
15
[JMO 2005 A8] A large container holds 14 litres
of a solution which is 25% antifreeze, the
remainder being water. How many litres of
antifreeze must be added to the container to
make a solution which is 30% antifreeze?
Let π be the amount of antifreeze added in
litres. 25% of 14 is 3.5. Thus:
π. π + π = π. π ππ + π
π=π
?
17
[JMO 2008 A9] In the diagram, πΆπ· is the
bisector of angle π΄πΆπ΅.
Also π΅πΆ = πΆπ· and π΄π΅ = π΄πΆ. What is
the size of angle πΆπ·π΄?
Let β π«πͺπ© = π. Filling in the angles
using the information we find
angles in π«π«π¨πͺ are π, πππ β ππ
and πππ β ππ. This gives π = ππ° .
β΄ β πͺπ«π¨ = πππ β π × ππ
= πππ° (Note: this is not intended to
?
be a full proof!)
Exercise 2
18 [JMO 2010 A10] Inn the diagram, π½πΎ
and ππΏ are parallel. π½πΎ = πΎπ = ππ½ =
ππ and πΏπ = πΏπ = πΏπΎ. Find the size
of angle π½ππ.
60°
π₯
π₯ β 60°
60°
300
β 2π₯
π₯
π₯
π₯ β 60°
π₯
Since π±π² and π΄π³ are parallel, β π²π±π΄ and
β π±π΄π³ are cointerior so add to πππ°.
If we let β π²πΆπ³ = π, we can eventually
find the angles as pictured.
π β ππ + ππ + π β ππ + π = πππ
π = ππ° β΄ β π±π΄πΆ = ππ β ππ = ππ°
?
19
[JMO 2013 B2] Pippa thinks of a number. She adds
1 to it to get a second number. She then adds 2 to
the second number to get a third number, adds 3
to the third to get a fourth, and finally adds 4 to
the fourth to get a fifth number.
Pippaβs brother Ben also thinks of a number but he
subtracts 1 to get a second. He then subtracts 2
from the second to get a third, and so on until he
has five numbers.
They discover that the sum of Pippaβs five
numbers is the same as the sum of Benβs five
numbers. What is the difference between the two
numbers of which they first thought?
Let π be Pippaβs first number. Then her numbers
are π, π + π, π + π, π + π, π + ππ. Sum is ππ +
ππ.
Let π be Benβs first number. Then his numbers are
π, π β π, π β π, π β π, π β ππ. Sum is ππ β ππ
Weβre told ππ + ππ = ππ β ππ and the
difference between their two starting numbers is
π β π. Rearranging:
ππ + ππ = ππ β ππ
ππ β ππ = ππ
β΄πβπ=π
?
Exercise 2
20 [JMO 2005 B4] In this figure π΄π·πΆ is a straight
line and π΄π΅ = π΅πΆ = πΆπ·. Also, π·π΄ = π·π΅.
Find the size of β π΅π΄πΆ.
(Full proof needed)
Full proof:
Let β π«π¨π© = π
Then β π«π©π¨ = π (base angles of isosceles π«π«π¨π© are equal)
β π¨πͺπ© = π (base angles of isosceles π«π¨π©πͺ are equal)
β πͺπ«π© = ππ (exterior angle of triangle π«π«π¨π© is sum of two interior angles)
β π«π©πͺ = ππ (base angles of isosceles π«π©πͺπ« are equal)
? the angles in π«π¨π©πͺ:
The angles in a triangle sum to πππ°. Using
π + π + ππ + π = πππ°
ππ = πππ°
π = ππ°
(We could have also used the angles in π«π©πͺπ«)