Transcript 幻灯片 1

Anabolism
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use
Define the terms as follows.
Microbiology
Pure Culture
中心法则
Microorganisms are thought to have been living on
the earth for 2.3~4.7 billion years.
Koch’s postulates
Winogradsky column
Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-necked flask
Antony Van Leeuwenhock
Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 µm in diameter
G+C%。
营养型，在什么自然环境中最容易被分离到。
Macromolecules
Nucleoside: base + sugar
OH
HO
P
O
Bases:
O
CH2
Base
O
C
H H
C
H
C C
H
H
H or OH
 adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine (G), thymine (T)
 RNA uses uracil (U)
instead of thymine
Sugar:
• RNA – ribose (OH)
• DNA – deoxyribose (H)
Remember that carbon in sugar is numbered in
sequence!!! How they are numbered?
2.3 Bacterial Structures
AACGTCGAAA (Organism A)
AACCTCGAAA (Organism B)
AGGCTAGAAA (Organism C)
AGGCTAGTAA (Organism D)
Winogradsky column
The mud become stratified
with different colors and looks
beautiful (right-handed figure)!
The different types of
microorganism proliferate
and occupy distinct zones
where the environmental
conditions favour their
specific activities.
Winogradsky column
The Winogradsky
column is a simple
laboratory
demonstration illustrates how different
microorganisms perform
their interdependent
roles: the activities of
one organism enable
another to grow, and
vice-versa. These
columns are complete,
self-contained recycling
systems, driven only by
energy from light!
Continuous cultures:
Media
flow
culture
Out
flow
Cells in continuous
culture vassal can
be kept at log
phase.
Dilution Plates
1 ml
1 ml
1 ml
1 ml
1 ml
1 ml
9 ml
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
Statistically relevant colony density: 30 - 300
Technique largely used for isolation or water testing, such as coliform test.
Assume that cells are at the exponential
growth stage. Then we can calculate cell
numbers at ant time of the stage.
Nt  N0 2
n
0.301t
G
lg N t  lg N 0
N0 is the number of cells at
time zero. Nt is the number of
cells at time t. n is the
generations
G is the time needed to
complete one generation.
Growth stage in a batch culture
Log(N)
stationary
inoculate
decline
log
lag
time
Nutritional Requirements
1. Photolithotrophic autotrophs
Light
Inorganic H+ source
CO2 carbon source
2. Photoorganotrophic heterotrophs
Light energy
Organic H+ source
Organic carbon source
3. Chemolithotrophic autotrophs
Chemical energy source
Inorganic H+ source
CO2 Carbon source
4. Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
Chemical energy source
Organic H+ source
Organic carbon source
photolithoautotroph (光能自养)
photoorganoheterotroph (光能异养)
chemolithoautotroph (化能自养)
chemoorganoheterotroph (化能异养)
Energy Production
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）
腺嘌呤
核糖
Yield of
ATP in
Glycolysis
& Aerobic
Respiration
Glycolytic Pathway(糖酵解途径)
Substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 NADH
2 ATP
6 ATP
2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl CoA(丙酮酸到乙酰辅酶A)
Oxidative phosphorylation w/2 NADH
6 ATP
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle(三羧酸循环)
Substrate-level phosphorylation (GTP)
Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 6 NADH
Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 FADH2
Total
2 ATP
18 ATP
4 ATP
38 ATP