Transcript 冷毅&王姵心 - 台灣大學社會學系

國際遷移 小組報告
Group 5
Major Issues in Migration
(Asia Pacific)
社會系 王姵心
機械系 冷 毅
Asia-Pacific Region
1950~
„PROSPECT“
International Migration in the Asia–Pacific Region:
Emerging Trends and Issues(Graeme Hugo 2004)
Migration in the Asia-Pacific region(Graeme Hugo 2005)
Forced migration
South-north migration
Overseas contract workers
North-south migration
Other Non-permanent migration
Forced migration
到1995為止，亞洲有5.2million refugees，佔了所有的35%
(一)main flows
阿富汗→巴基斯坦、伊朗(附圖)
印度支那→第三世界國家
political change+opening up of Indochinese→refugee flows declined in
the 1990s
(二)smaller but locally significant flows
(1)religious refugees
Rohinga Muslims : Myanmar→Bangladesh
(2)political refugees
students&intellectuals: Myanmar→Thailand(mostly曼谷)
south-north migration
Until the late 1960s, however, these programs discriminated in favor of
Europeans.
1970s removal of discrimination in immigration programs
→immigration selection：skills & family reunion
圖表
就文章兩張(table5.2+5.3)
新文章兩張(table3+4)
South-north movement is very selective.
Table 5.2. Immigration to North America, Australia, and New Zealand by region of
origin and period
Nationality
1960s(%)
1970s(%)
1980s(%)
1990s(%) Nationality
United States
1960s(%)
1970s(%)
1980s(%)
1990s(%)
80.1
57.9
36
20.7
Australia
Europe
33.8
17.8
10.4
14.9 Europe
Asia
12.9
35.3
37.3
30.8 Asia
3.2
11.3
27.3
29.4
Americas
51.7
44.1
49.3
47.3 Americas
2.4
4.4
3.6
2.8
1.6
2.8
3
1.5
7
13.9
15.4
3,321
4,493
7,338
12.8
19.4
19.2
31.7
1,113
957
1,084
901
58.6
38.1
21.9
0
25.6
51.6
5.1
5.8
3.3
36.3
27.4
12
0
3.1
11.2
187
111
306
Other
N
7
Pacific
Islands
7,605 Other
N
Canada
Europe
New Zealand
69
35.7
25.7
19 Europe
Asia
13.5
32.9
46.9
57.1 Asia
Americas
14.3
23.8
20.5
15.6 Americas
Other
3.2
7.6
6.9
N
788
996
1,092
8.3
Pacific
Islands
1,039 Other
N
187
Sources: U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (2002); Statistics Canada (2002); Australian Department of Immigration and
Multicultural Affairs (2001); New Zealand Immigration Service (2002).
Table 5.3. Average annual number of immigrants to selected European
countries by region of origin, 1960–89
Region
Developed
Countries
1960–4
1965–9
1970–4
1975–9
1980–4
1985–9
89.90%
79.50%
72.10%
63.40%
65.20%
72.40%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
1.8
3.4
3.9
4.6
4.4
4.2
North AfricaMiddle East
6.2
8.9
17.1
18.4
14.7
9.3
Asia
1.5
6.2
5.3
10.3
12.7
12.5
Latin
AmericaCaribbean
0.6
1.9
1.6
3.3
2.8
2.1
729.2
1,100.50
1,297.40
912
842.9
1,229.40
Total (000)
Source: Zlotnik (1993).
overseas contract workers(OCWs)
Temporary labor migration has its historical roots：”Collie”
The first major post-independence contract labor migration
(former South Vietnam)(late 1960s &early 1970s)
history(?)
new era(1973石油危機) ：scale & complexity
Gulf(Persian Gulf)的移民來源:南亞→+東亞,東南亞
移民至亞洲
Over the last decade, destinations have also become more diverse, with other
Asian nations overtaking the Middle East as points of destination.
(亞洲各國有多少外國人)(total 六百萬)
亞洲內部移民
The estimated contemporary stocks of Asian origin migrant workers in
foreign countries(Table 6: Asian countries: estimates of stocks of migrant
workers in other countries )
Two systems of labour migration involving Asian OCWs.
1 3D (dirty, dangerous and difficult)(mainly)
Despite the growth of skilled migration, most overseas contract workers
continue to be employed in poorly paid, low status jobs that require little
skill and are eschewed by local citizens.”(p12) ex: table5.8
2 highly skilled professionals(small in number but significant)
Table 5.8. Employment sector of foreign workers in Taiwan and Malaysia and from Indonesia
Industrial sector
Taiwan
Indonesia
Malaysia
1994
1989–94
1991
Agriculture/Plantation(%)
0.8
22.5
45.8
Manufacturing
68.6
0
3.4
Construction
21.6
0.1
26.6
8.9
60.7
19.1
0
13.9
0
0.1
3.8
5.1
Social/Personal Services
Transport
Other
Total (N)
199,553
Source: Hugo (1995a); Stahl and PECC-HRD Task Force (1996).
642,268
1,200,920
Table 5: Classification of Asian nations on the basis of their international labour
migration situation
Mainly emigration
Philippines Bangladesh Cambodia Laos
China Sri Lanka Indonesia Vietnam
India Pakistan Burma Nepal
Mainly immigration
South Korea Taiwan Singapore
Japan Hong Kong Brunei
Both significant immigration and
emigration
Malaysia
Thailand
in the contemporary situation all Asian nations are to some extent both
emigration and immigration nations with highly skilled workers moving in to
even labour surplus nations because of shortages of skills in fast growing
economies and the spread of MNCs(Multinational corporations).
north south migration
reverse flow to the south-north migration ，”reverse brain drain” ： a repatriation of
nationals and former nationals who have spent a considerable period living
and working overseas in an MDC.
(gathering momentum throughout the late 1980s and 1990s)
The influx of professionals, business people and technical workers from MDCs is associated
with...
1 burgeoning opportunities in the rapidly growing, restructuring and labor shortage
economies of their home country. ←→the movement(“reverse brain drain”)…accelerated in
the early 1990s when dynamic economic growth across Asia coincided with recessions in
Europe and North America
2 The massive growth of investment by multinational operations →intra-company transferees
3 The mismatches between the education and training systems and labour market skill
needs in rapidly growing economies
4 (1990s) a deliberate policy to attract back former emigrants who have particular technical,
professional and business skills
Remarkable influx of highly trained people from developed nations
1 documented workers
2 “many skilled workers enter Asian nation with tourist visa and subsequently
take a job”(p13)
“Astronauting”
Other Non-permanent migration(tourism, business and education)
One movement (non-permanent movements) of particular significance is the increasing
number of students from Asian countries undertaking programs outside their country
This indicates that over the 1998-2003 period these numbered some 2.6 million with the
labors numbers being from China, Korea and India.
(亞洲學生從哪來)
Asia is a major source of foreign students in most of the countries with the largest
numbers of such students
(亞洲學生去那裡)
以澳洲為例(The fact that such movement has increased greatly over the
last decade is shown by taking the case of Australia.)
Feminization
Feminization
Characteristics
A gendered process & Associated with the age and status
of women
Not equal access to higher education – More unskilled
Taking up low wage, low status 3D (dirty, dangerous,
difficult) jobs, eschewed by locals
Small number of occupations unskilled female migrants
from Asia concentrated
Feminization
 Types
 Domestic Workers (Short-term)
 Sex & Entertainment Workers (Short-term)
 Marriage Migration (Long-term/Permanent)
More than two million women
Not only elsewhere in other Asian countries but other regions
especially the Middle East and Europe
Mainly from the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand
Open to greater exploitation than people working in a factory or
other workplace
Feminization
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左邊那扇門的後面是廚房，
右邊的們通向浴室。
我們的客廳則是在右側，
監視器正對著的地方。
Feminization
垃圾分類是非常好的習慣，可以
避免空氣污染並保護環境。
很不公平的是，每當有人放錯分
類，大家都怪到我們頭上。
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Feminization
移工們花大把的鈔票在打電話上，
我也不例外。
看到我手機的這些電話卡嗎？
這讓人不難理解移工們有多寂寞。
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The main origins of women in this industry are in the
Philippines and Thailand but there are also flows from
Indonesia to Malaysia and Singapore and from Burma and
Laos into Thailand.
Feminization
 Marriage Migration
Substantial numbers, especially from the Philippines
and Thailand moving to northern countries as part of
the Mail-order bride schemes
Mail-order bride is a label applied to a woman who publishes her
intent to marry someone from another usually more financially
developed – country
Significant numbers of Filipino brides in Japan, Australia,
North America and Europe. Under family reunion
categories of immigration programs in Canada, Australia
etc.
Feminization
《性別與移動—日本與台灣的亞洲新娘》--邱婌雯著
“菲律賓女性承受來自接待社會的污名化特別多”
無論非法或合法，許多菲律賓女性進入日本之後所從事的工作
多與性產業有關，這使得他們不得不在族群，性別，職業上承
受來自接待社會的三種邊緣化：那就是亞洲人，女人，特種營
業工作的人。
日本人再現下的菲律賓女性有兩種：一是大都會的表演工作者：
她們和賣春婦，惡女等印象相連接，是被黑社會或暴力組織拐
騙毒打，可憐又可惡的女人。二是農村的外籍新娘：特別是在
東北地區，他們被再現成傳統的，聽話的，善解人意的亞洲新
娘。
學者鈴木伸枝認為，這兩種對在日菲律賓女性的再現都是單一
的，片斷的，而且以偏概全的。
Feminization
《不要叫我外籍新娘》--夏曉娟著
（來自印尼）黃莉莉
其實這樣被媒體不尊重對待的經驗並不是第一次，許多姊妹都
有被媒體“騙”的經驗。
我想說的是：希望記者或社會大眾，想要採訪或瞭解我們的時
候，請不要用看不起的眼光看待我們這群“新移民女性”，雖然
你們叫我們“外籍新娘”，但是我們也跟台灣的女性一樣，有人
格和自尊，希望受到大家的尊重…
Undocumented Migration
Undocumented Migration
• =
Undocumented Migration
Why is it that so many Asian workers have adopted undocumented
migration strategies?
Remittances
Remittances
In Sri Lanka the government has stated that overseas
remittances ‘have now become the backbone of the
country’s economy’ (Asian Migration News, 31
August 2001).
“Bread winner no more”, by Barbara Ehrenrecich and
Arlie Russell Hochschild
Conclusion