Transcript Chap. 16 "The World and It`s People" PP

Chapter 16
Birthplace of
Civilization
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt
Section 2 Three World Religions
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Chapter Objectives
• Explain how farming, writing, and
government developed in
Mesopotamia. 
• Examine the artifacts of ancient Egypt. 
• Explain the basic beliefs of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam. 
• Discuss how past civilizations have
contributed to our own culture.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Click the speaker button to play the audio.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt
were among the first to build civilizations. 
Terms to Know
• empire 
• civilization 
• delta 
• city-state 
• polytheism 
• pharaoh 
• theocracy 
• pyramid 
• cuneiform 
• hieroglyphics 
• papyrus
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like the one on page 466
of your textbook. Write facts about
Mesopotamia in the M column and facts
about ancient Egypt in the E column.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Explain the early advancements
in Mesopotamia. 
• Discuss the ancient Egyptians’
achievements.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Click the speaker button
to play the audio.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia
• Civilization is a term historians use to
describe a culture that has reached a
certain level of development. 
• This development includes cities, a
system of writing, specialized workers,
organized governments and religions,
and the use of technology and metals. 
• One of the first civilizations grew in the
area of land between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers. 
• The name of this area was
Mesopotamia.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
(pages 466–469)
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia (cont.)
• It was part of a larger region known as
the Fertile Crescent, which curved from
the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian
Gulf. 
• Around 4500 B.C., wandering peoples
settled in large numbers in
Mesopotamia. 
• They farmed fertile soil left behind by
yearly floods. 
• They also created a 12 month calendar
based on the phases of the moon, and
(pages 466–469)
they invented the plow.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Some of the villages and towns became
city-states, which were made up of the
city and farmland around it. 
• The earliest of the city-states rose in an
area of Mesopotamia called Sumer. 
• The Sumerians invented the wheel and
the sailboat. 
• They also created a form of writing
known as cuneiform.
(pages 466–469)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Religion was based on polytheism, or
the worship of many gods and
goddesses. 
• Each city-state was at first a
theocracy—it was ruled by religious
leaders. 
• Around 2300 B.C., the warlike kingdom
of Akkad conquered Sumer and several
other city-states to create the first
empire, or group of states under one
ruler.
(pages 466–469)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia (cont.)
• The kingdom of Babylon defeated the
Akkadian Empire around 1800 B.C. 
• The greatest Babylonian king was
Hammurabi. 
• The Code of Hammurabi was an
attempt to bring some justice and
fairness to the idea of law. 
• After Hammurabi’s death, the empire
split into smaller territories.
(pages 466–469)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Mesopotamia (cont.)
• During the 500s B.C., a new Babylonian
empire led by Nebuchadnezzar rose and
fell. 
• Among the most important traders of
the time were the Phoenicians, who
were located mainly in what is now
Lebanon. 
• The Phoenicians developed an
alphabet that gave rise to the Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin alphabets still in use
today.
(pages 466–469)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
How did the Babylonians contribute to
the field of mathematics?
The Babylonians contributed to the
field of mathematics by developing a
number system based on 60. From
them, we borrowed the 60-minute
hour, 60-second minute, and 360degree circle.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Click the speaker button
to play the audio.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Egypt—Gift of the Nile
• Like Mesopotamia, Egypt grew out of a
river valley—the Nile, the longest river
in the world. 
• Most ancient Egyptians lived near the
Nile or its delta. 
• The two kingdoms of Upper Egypt and
Lower Egypt were united about 3100 B.C.
under a great ruler called a pharaoh. 
• The pharaoh was viewed not only as a
ruler and priest, but also as a god.
(pages 469–471)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Egypt—Gift of the Nile (cont.)
• Egyptians had a polytheistic religion. 
• Important gods were the sun god Re,
the river god Hapi, and the sky god
Horus. 
• Egyptians believed in life after death. 
• To preserve the body for the next life, it
was embalmed, or preserved
immediately after death, as a mummy. 
• The biggest tombs belonged to the
pharaohs and were called pyramids.
(pages 469–471)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Egypt—Gift of the Nile (cont.)
• The Egyptians conquered many lands,
and also suffered defeats. 
• They traded across the eastern
Mediterranean and spread their ideas
and accomplishments. 
• Hieroglyphics is a form of picture
writing. 
• The Egyptians carved or painted
hieroglyphics on monuments or
papyrus, a plant that grows along the
Nile which can be used to make a form
(pages 469–471)
of paper.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Egypt—Gift of the Nile (cont.)
• Egyptians used a number system based
on ten and developed geometry. 
• They were able to sew up cuts and set
broken bones. 
• Egypt eventually grew weak and was
conquered by the even greater empires
of Greece and Rome.
(pages 469–471)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
In ancient times, how were people
and nations able to dominate one
another?
Even then, people and nations that
could use technology were able to
dominate, or control, other cultures.
The Egyptians used bronze and iron
weapons and horse-drawn chariots.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
A. civilization
__
E 1. Sumerian writing system
B. city-state
__
A 2. a culture that has reached a high C. polytheism
level of development
D. theocracy
__
C 3. the worship of many gods and
E. cuneiform
goddesses
__
B 4. villages and towns which were
made up of the city and farmland
around it
D 5. form of government in which one
__
individual ruled as both religious
leader and king
F. empire
G. delta
H. pharaoh
I.
pyramid
J.
hieroglyphics
K. papyrus
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
A. civilization
__
H 6. Egyptian ruler
B. city-state
__
J 7. a form of picture writing
C. polytheism
__
G 8. area formed from a soil deposit
located at the mouth of a river
D. theocracy
__
K 9. Egyptian paper
__10.
Egyptian tomb
I
__11.
group of states under one ruler
F
E. cuneiform
F. empire
G. delta
H. pharaoh
I.
pyramid
J.
hieroglyphics
K. papyrus
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Recalling Facts
History What were the two early forms
of writing, and where did they develop?
The two early forms of writing were the
Sumerian cuneiform and the Phoenician
alphabet.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Recalling Facts (cont.)
Geography Where did most ancient
Egyptians live? Why?
Most ancient Egyptians lived near the Nile
River and its delta because the soil there
was fertile.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Recalling Facts (cont.)
Math What mathematical contributions did
Egyptians make to civilization?
The Egyptians developed a number system
based on 10, fractions, whole numbers,
and geometry.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why were the
inventions of the wheel and the sailboat
important to Sumer?
The wheel helped transportation and the
sailboat replaced muscle power with wind
power.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Critical Thinking (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect Why
was Hammurabi’s code of laws an
important development?
The code of Hammurabi served as a basis
for future laws.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page
467 of your textbook. What do the locations
of the towns have in common?
They are located along bodies of water.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
16
Close
Create a bulletin board display about
ancient Egypt with images and captions
that highlight important features of the
country and its people.
Three World Religions
16
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Three of the world’s monotheistic
religions—Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam—developed in Southwest Asia. 
Terms to Know
• monotheism 
• disciple 
• covenant 
• five pillars of faith 
• prophet 
• hajj
• messiah 
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like the one on page 473
of your textbook. List important beliefs of
each religion.
Three World Religions
16
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Describe the world’s three largest
monotheistic religions. 
• Explain similarities and differences
among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Click the speaker button
to play the audio.
Three World Religions
16
Judaism
• Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are
major faiths that are examples of
monotheism, or belief in one supreme
god. 
• Judaism was first practiced by a small
group of people in Southwest Asia
called the Israelites. 
• The followers of Judaism today are
known as Jews. 
• Their holy book is the Torah.
(pages 473–474)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Judaism (cont.)
• The Jews believe that they are God’s
chosen people and will remain so for
as long as they follow God’s laws. 
• They believe God made a covenant, or
agreement, with Abraham. 
• The most well-known of these laws are
the Ten Commandments, which were
revealed to a prophet, or messenger of
God, named Moses.
(pages 473–474)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Judaism (cont.)
• About 1000 B.C., King David created a
kingdom in the area of present-day
Israel. 
• The capital of this kingdom was
Jerusalem. 
• Eventually, the Jewish people spread to
many countries throughout the world. 
• Jewish scholars, writers, artists, and
scientists have greatly increased the
world’s knowledge.
(pages 473–474)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Judaism (cont.)
• In some areas Jews have been treated
with tolerance. 
• In other areas they have been treated
cruelly. 
• Jews celebrate several important holy
days, including Passover, Rosh
Hashanah, and Yom Kippur.
(pages 473–474)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
From whom do the Jewish people
believe they are descended?
According to Jewish belief, the Jews
are descended from Abraham and
Sarah, who first worshipped the one
God, or Yahweh.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Christianity
• Christianity arose from Judaism in
Southwest Asia. 
• Later, it spread to non-Jews. 
• A Jew named Jesus began preaching in
what is today Israel, the West Bank,
and Jordan. 
• Some Jews greeted him as the
Messiah, or savior, who would deliver
them from the Romans.
(pages 475–476)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Christianity (cont.)
• Jesus was convicted of treason under
Roman law and crucified outside
Jerusalem. 
• His disciples, or followers, proclaimed
he then rose from the dead. 
• They began preaching that Jesus was
the Son of God. 
• The disciples spread Jesus’ teachings
across the Roman world and beyond. 
• The holy book of the Christians is the
Bible.
(pages 475–476)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Christianity (cont.)
• Christians were often persecuted until
the Roman emperor Constantine
became a Christian and proclaimed
Christianity a lawful religion of the
Roman Empire. 
• Christianity later became divided into
Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox
Christians. 
• A third group—Protestants—formed
much later.
(pages 475–476)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Christianity (cont.)
• Christianity has more followers than
any other religion. 
• Christian holidays include Christmas,
Good Friday, and Easter.
(pages 475–476)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
What is Easter?
Easter, believed to be the day that
Jesus rose from the dead, is the
most important day of the Christian
calendar.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Islam
• The followers of Islam are called
Muslims. 
• Muslims believe that Muhammad is the
last and greatest prophet of Allah, or
God. 
• Muhammad was born A.D. 570 in
Makkah. 
• He told people there was one God,
Allah, before whom all believers are
equal.
(pages 476–477)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Islam (cont.)
• Muhammad’s message angered the rich
merchants of Makkah. 
• In A.D. 622, Muhammad was forced to flee
for safety from Makkah to Madinah. 
• Muhammad’s forces eventually defeated
armies who came to Madinah. 
• Muhammad made Makkah the center of
Islam.
(pages 476–477)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Islam (cont.)
• Over time, Muslim armies, merchants,
and scholars spread the faith in Asia,
North Africa, and parts of Europe. 
• There are two main branches of Islam:
Sunnis and Shiites. 
• They differ on which leaders should rule
in the Islamic community. 
• The Muslim holy book is the Quran.
(pages 476–477)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
Islam (cont.)
• The Quran describes the five pillars of
faith, or the five obligations all Muslims
must fulfill. 
• Once in each Muslim’s life, he or she
must, if able, make the hajj, or journey
to Makkah to pray.
(pages 476–477)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Three World Religions
16
What is Ramadan?
Ramadan is the month, according to
Muslim beliefs, in which God began
to reveal the Quran to Muhammad.
Muslims observe Ramadan by
fasting during daylight hours.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Click the speaker button to play the audio.
Three World Religions
16
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 1. followers of a specific teacher
A. monotheism
__
C 2. messenger of God
B. covenant
__
A 3. belief in one supreme God
C. prophet
B 4. an agreement
__
D. messiah
D 5. savior sent by God
__
E. disciple
G 6. journey to Makkah
__
F.
F 7. five obligations all Muslims must
__
fulfill
G. hajj
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
five pillars of
faith
Three World Religions
16
Recalling Facts
Religion What are the world’s three
largest monotheistic religions?
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the
world’s three largest monotheistic religions.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Recalling Facts (cont.)
History What was the Diaspora?
the scattering of Jews to different parts of
the world
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Critical Thinking
Making Comparisons How did the Ten
Commandments differ from the religious
laws of neighboring regions?
Unlike the laws of neighboring regions,
they were based on the worship of one
God.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Critical Thinking (cont.)
Summarizing Information What are the
main holy days for each of the religions
discussed in this section?
Judaism’s holy days are Passover, Rosh
Hashanah, and Yom Kippur. Christianity’s
holy days are Christmas, Good Friday, and
Easter. Islam’s holy time is Ramadan.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Primary Sources Read the
quotes in the Primary Source feature on
page 475 of your textbook. Summarize
each quote in your own words.
Summaries for each religion should reflect
the belief in good deeds.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Three World Religions
16
Close
Create a bulletin board display about
the major religious holidays and
observances for the different world
religions. Use images and captions to
explain the significance of these
celebrations in selected contemporary
societies. At a minimum, you should
mention the major holidays of the three
monotheistic religions discussed in this
section.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1: Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt
Main Idea
The peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt
were among the first to build civilizations. 
• History The first civilizations developed in
Mesopotamia, which was located in the Fertile
Crescent. 
• History Early advancements in Mesopotamia,
Sumer, and Babylon were in farming, writing,
and government. 
• Geography The Egyptians depended on the
Nile River for their livelihood.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1: Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt
Main Idea
The peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt
were among the first to build civilizations. 
• History Ancient Egypt is known for pharaohs,
pyramids, hieroglyphics, and mummies.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 2: Three World Religions
Main Idea
Three of the world’s monotheistic
religions—Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam—developed in Southwest Asia. 
• History Judaism is the world’s oldest
monotheistic religion. The Jew’s belief in one
God was later shared by Christianity and Islam. 
• Religion Christians believe Jesus is the
Messiah and the Son of God. 
• Religion Muslims are followers of Islam.
Muslims believe Allah is the one God and
Muhammad is the messenger.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
H 1. holy journey in Islam
A. civilization
__
I 2. early believer in Jesus Christ
B. theocracy
__
A 3. culture that has reached the level C. cuneiform
of development where people can D. pharaoh
specialize their skills
E. polytheism
__
D 4. god-king of ancient Egypt
F. covenant
__
5.
believing
in
many
gods
and
E
G. monotheism
goddesses
H. hajj
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
I.
disciple
J.
city-state
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
G 6. belief in one God
A. civilization
B 7. ruled by religious leader who is
__
also a king
B. theocracy
C 8. ancient form of writing in Sumer
__
__
J 9. city and its surrounding
countryside
__
F 10. an agreement
C. cuneiform
D. pharaoh
E. polytheism
F.
covenant
G. monotheism
H. hajj
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
I.
disciple
J.
city-state
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History What was a ziggurat?
a large, steplike Sumerian tower with a
temple on the top
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Where did the earliest city-states
arise?
Sumer
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History What was the world’s first known
story?
the Epic of Gilgamesh
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History What concepts did we borrow
from the Babylonians?
the 60-minute hour, the 60-second minute,
and the 360-degree circle
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Culture For what two things are the
Phoenicians known?
widespread trading and the alphabet
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Who were the Asians that invaded
ancient Egypt? What technology did they
share?
The Hykos invaded ancient Egypt. They
shared the technology of bronze and iron
weapons and horse-drawn chariots.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Why did the Egyptians embalm
their dead?
to preserve the body for the afterlife
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 2 Three World Religions
Religion What is the similarity between
Yahweh and Allah?
They are different names for God.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 2 Three World Religions
Religion What was the role of the
messiah in early Jewish and Christian
religious belief?
Some Jews believed the messiah would
deliver them from the rule of the Romans.
Christians believed the messiah would
lead them to eternal life after death.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Section 2 Three World Religions
Religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
are similar in their belief of one supreme
god. List some of the differences among
the three religions.
different holy books, different holy days,
and different prophets
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Place Location Activity
Match the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below.
B___ 1. Persian Gulf
F___ 2. Lower Egypt
I ___ 3. Euphrates
River
___
D 4. Mediterranean
Sea
___
J 5. Nile River
G 6. Israel
___
C 7. Upper Egypt
___
___
H 8. Saudi
Arabia
E 9. Makkah
___
(Mecca)
A 10. Jerusalem
___
Click the mouse
button or press the
Space Bar to display
the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Study the map below and answer the
question on the following slide.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
Standardized Test Practice
1. What characteristic did the first Egyptian and
Mesopotamian civilizations share?
A They were established in the same year.
B Both civilizations began in North Africa.
C They both developed on the banks of rivers.
D People in both civilizations relied on hunting to obtain
food.
Test-Taking Tip: When you answer a map question, do not
rely on your memory of the map. Instead, check each answer
choice against the information on the map and get rid of
answer choices that are incorrect. Eliminating even one wrong
choice will help you locate the correct answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
16
Birthplace of Civilization
What provided the key that unlocked the
meaning of hieroglyphics?
the Rosetta Stone
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to
The World and Its People Web site. Click on Chapter 16-Chapter
Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies
Maps
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Jerusalem
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Jerusalem
One of the most important technological
achievements of the Sumerians was the invention
of the wheel. Before wheeled carts were invented,
goods were carried by boats or donkeys. The first
wheels were made from solid wood, but eventually
spokes were designed to reduce the weight.
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, is believed to
be the exact and precise word of God, revealed to
Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over a period of
approximately 23 years. Although the Quran has
been translated into many languages, only the
original Arabic is considered the literal word of
Allah.
The Rosetta Stone
Language experts only learned to read hieroglyphics in the
early 1800s. During the French ruler Napoleon’s invasion of
Egypt, a French soldier found what seemed to be a very old
stone tablet near the town of Rosetta. This stone tablet
provided the key that cracked the code fro hieroglyphics.
The Rosetta Stone had the same message written three
times—in a form of Egyptian writing called Demotic, in
Greek, and in hieroglyphics. Because both
the Demotic and Greek could be read,
scientists in 1821 were finally able to put
meanings to the symbols used in
hieroglyphics.
Using Library
Resources
Your teacher has assigned a major research report,
so you go to the library. As you wander the aisles
surrounded by books, you wonder: Where do I start
my research? Which reference tools should I use?

Learning the Skill Libraries contain many resources. Here
are brief descriptions of important ones: 
Encyclopedia: set of books containing short articles on
many subjects arranged alphabetically 
Biographical Dictionary: brief biographies listed
alphabetically by last names
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Using Library
Resources
Learning the Skill Libraries contain many resources. Here
are brief descriptions of important ones:
Atlas: collection of maps and charts 
Almanac: reference updated yearly that provides current
statistics and historical information on a wide range of
subjects 
Card Catalog: listing of every book in the library, either on
cards or on a computer database; search for books by
author, subject, or title
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Using Library
Resources
Learning the Skill Libraries contain many resources. Here
are brief descriptions of important ones:
Periodical Guide: set of books listing topics covered in
magazines and newspaper articles 
Computer Database: collections of information organized
for rapid search and retrieval 
World Wide Web: collection of information on the Internet
accessed with a Web browser (Caution: Some information
may not be reliable.)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Using Library
Resources
Practicing the Skill Suppose you are assigned a research
report dealing with Islam. Read the questions below, and
then decide which of the resources listed here you would
use to answer each question and why. 
1. During which years did Muhammad lead Muslims?
encyclopedia, biographical dictionary
2. What is the current number of Muslims in the world
today?
almanac or World Wide Web
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Using Library
Resources
Practicing the Skill Suppose you are assigned a research
report dealing with Islam. Read the questions below, and
then decide which of the resources listed here you would
use to answer each question and why. 
3. What was Muhammad’s early life like? What
happened to the Islamic religion after he died?
encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Egyptian Pyramids
The ancient Egyptians viewed the pharaoh, or king, as the
most important person on the earth. They believed he was a
god who would continue to guide them after his death. A
pyramid served as a tomb for the pharaoh and provided a
place where the body would safely pass into the afterlife.
Rooms inside the pyramid held food, clothing, weapons,
furniture, jewels, and everything
else the pharaoh might need in
the afterlife. 
Read the text on page
472 of your textbook
and answer the
questions on the
Click the mouse button or press the
following slides.
Space Bar to display the information.
The Egyptian Pyramids
1. Why did the Egyptians build the pyramids?
Egyptians built the pyramids to provide a tomb for the
pharaoh and a safe place for the pharaoh to pass into
the afterlife.
2. How many workers did ancient historians and modern
archaeologists each think it took to
build the Great Pyramid?
In the fifth century B.C.,
Greeks thought it took
100,000 people to
build the Great
Pyramid. Now experts
think it took about
Click the mouse button or press the
20,000.
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Egyptian Pyramids
3. Sequencing Information Describe the process
experts think Egyptians used to build the pyramids.
Workers cut stones from nearby quarries, carved
them into shape, and pulled them up ramps to the
pyramid site. Builders extended the ramps up the
sides of the pyramid to carry rocks to the top. After
they reached the top, the ramps
were cleared away. Stonemasons smoothed and
polished the stones.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Daily Focus Skills Transparencies
Birthplace of Civilization – Section 1
Birthplace of Civilization – Section 2
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Birthplace of Civilization –
Section 1
Daily Focus Skills Transparencies
Answer: B
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Birthplace of Civilization –
Section 2
Daily Focus Skills Transparencies
Jumada al-Aula
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
GeoQuiz Transparencies and Activities
Southwest Asia – Physical
Southwest Asia – Political
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Southwest Asia — Physical
GeoQuiz
Directions: Identify each
location that is marked by a
letter on the map. Write the
correct letter next to the
appropriate location below.
____
J Red Sea
____
B Euphrates River
____
F Zagros Mountains
____
H Hindu Kush
____
C Rub́ al Khali
____
A Taurus Mountains
____
D Persian Gulf
____
E Tigris River
____
G Arabian Sea
____
I Mt. Ararat
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Southwest Asia — Political
GeoQuiz
Directions: Identify each
location that is marked by a
letter on the map. Write the
correct letter next to the
appropriate location below.
____
C Turkey
____
I Afghanistan
____
J Makkah
____
F Syria
____
D Baghdad
____
A Jerusalem
____
G Saudi Arabia
____
B Iran
____
E Jordan
____
H Kuwait
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.