Transcript Periodic Table Patterns

Science Standard:
Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
properties of elements based on patterns of the
electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
Learning Target:
Identify patterns in how the elements are arranged
on the periodic table
How many protons are there?
How many electrons are there?
How many neutrons are there?
Why is the atomic mass
not whole number?
What is the same and what is
different about these atoms?
What is the same and what is
different about these atoms?
There are the same number or protons
There are different numbers of neutrons
These are all lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same
Isotopes
There are the same number or protons
There are different numbers of neutrons
These are all lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same
What is the same and what is
different about these atoms?

What are these atoms?
Draw a model of a sodium atom
Valence Electrons
Electrons on the last energy shell (or ring)
Can be no more than 8 electrons
There is
one
valence
electron
Determine the number of valence
electrons for:
Determine the number of shells and the
number of valence electrons for:
2 shells
4 valence
electrons
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Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Neon
2 shells
8 valence electrons
Determine the number of shells and the
number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Hydrogen
1 shell
1 valence electron
Determine the number of shells and the
number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Beryllium
2 shells
2 valence electrons
Determine the number of shells and the
number of valence electrons for:
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Sulfur
3 shells
6 valence
electrons
Science Standard:
Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
properties of elements based on patterns of the
electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
Learning Target:
Identify patterns in how the elements are arranged
on the periodic table
Mendeleev's Original Table
Periodic Table

Group: vertical column of elements
(“family”)

Period: horizontal row of elements
Periods
•Each row is called a “period”
•The elements in each period have
the same number of shells
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Groups
Group 8 = 8 electrons
Group 1 = 1 electron
Group 2 = 2 electrons
Except for He, it
has 2 electrons
•Each column is
called a “group”
•Each element in a
group has the same
number of electrons
in their outer orbital,
also known as
“shells”.
•The electrons in the
outer shell are called
“valence electrons”
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Transition Metals
•Transition Metals
have slightly
different rules for
shells and
valence
electrons.
•This is
something you
will learn about in
High School
Chemistry.
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Lewis Structures
Find your element on the periodic table.
2) Determine the number of valence
electrons.
3) This is how many electrons you will draw.
1)
Lewis Structures
•
•
•
Find out which group
(column) your
element is in.
This will tell you the
number of valence
electrons your
element has.
You will only draw the
valence electrons.
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Groups Review
Group 8 = 8 electrons
Group 1 = 1 electron
Group 2 = 2 electrons
Except for He, it
has 2 electrons
•Each column is
called a “group”
•Each element in a
group has the same
number of electrons
in their outer orbital,
also known as
“shells”.
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•The electrons
in the outer
shell are called
“valence
Lewis Structures
1)
2)
3)
Write the element
symbol.
Carbon is in the 4th
group, so it has 4
valence electrons.
Starting at the right,
draw 4 electrons, or
dots, counterclockwise around the
element symbol.
Lewis Structures
1)
2)
3)
Check your work.
Using your periodic
table, check that
Carbon is in the 4th
group.
You should have 4
total electrons, or
dots, drawn in for
Carbon.
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, try
these elements on your
own:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
H
P
Ca
Ar
Cl
Al
Periodic Groups and Trends
Periodic Table

Group: vertical column of elements
(“family”)

Period: horizontal row of elements
Activity: get out your black and white copy of the periodic table.
On one side, color and label the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Another name for “metalloid” is “semi-metal”.
Transition metals
lanthanides
actinides
halogens
noble gases
alkali metals
alkaline earth metals
Color and label the groups/families of elements on the other side of
your paper. Remember to create a legend.
Some images are from www.chem4kids.com
www.middleschoolscience.com 2008
Families on the Periodic Table
Elements on the periodic table can be
grouped into families bases on their
chemical properties.
 Each family has a specific name to
differentiate it from the other families in
the periodic table.

ALKALI METALS
Group 1
 Hydrogen is not a
member, it is a nonmetal
 1 electron in the outer
shell
 Soft and silvery metals
 Very reactive, esp. with
water
Image:
 Conduct electricity
http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Group 2
 2 electrons in
the outer shell
 White and
malleable
 Reactive, but
less than Alkali
metals
 Conduct
electricity
TRANSITION METALS
Groups in the middle




Good conductors of
heat and electricity.
Some are used for
jewelry.
The transition metals
are able to put up to
32 electrons in their
second to last shell.
Can bond with many
elements in a variety
of shapes.
BORON FAMILY
Group 3
 3 electrons in
the outer shell
 Most are
metals
 Boron is a
metalloid
CARBON FAMILY
Group 4
 4 electrons in
the outer shell
 Contains
metals,
metalloids,
and a nonmetal Carbon
(C)
NITROGEN FAMILY
Group 5
 5 electrons in
the outer shell
 Can share
electrons to
form
compounds
 Contains
metals,
metalloids,
and nonmetals
OXYGEN FAMILY
Group 6
 6 electrons in
the outer shell
 Contains
metals,
metalloids,
and nonmetals
 Reactive
Halogens
Group 7
 7 electrons in
the outer shell
 All are nonmetals
 Very reactive
are often
bonded with
elements from
Group 1
Noble Gases
Group 8
 Exist as gases
 Non-metals
 8 electrons in the
outer shell = Full
 Helium (He) has
only 2 electrons in
the outer shell =
Full
 Not reactive with
other elements
Rare Earth Metals

Some are
Radioactive
 The rare
earths are
silver,
silverywhite, or
gray
metals.
 Conduct
electricity
Write your answers on your handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Write your answers on your handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Potassium
4 shells
1 valence
electron
Potassium
Write your answers on your handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Write your answers on your handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Helium
1st Period = 1 shell
8th Group = 2 valence
electrons
• Helium is the exception in Group 8.
• Since it has just one shell, that shell
can only fit 2 electrons instead of 8.
• It is in this group because all the
elements have a full outer shell.