Transcript 1Stone Age to Mesopotamia PPT 16x

Journal Questions
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3.
Define Hunter Gatherer.
Name some characteristics of Prehistoric
Hunter Gatherers.
How did prehistoric Hunter Gatherers
adapt to the environment?
Journal Questions
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4.
What type of tools did prehistoric Hunter
Gatherers use ?
What did they use the tools for?
Give two examples of technology for
prehistoric Hunter Gatherers.
What was probably the most important
discovery during the stone age?
The Beginnings of
Human Society
Prehistory
Prehistory Key Terms
•Hunter-Gatherer
•Land Bridge
•Beringia
•Migrate
•Culture
•Nomad
•Technology
•Social
•Old Stone Age
•New Stone Age
•Domesticate
•Irrigate
•Artifacts
•Prehistory
•Surplus
•Climates
•Archeology
•Geography
•Agriculture
The Stone Age: Two Periods
The Old Stone Age
The New Stone Age
During the Old Stone Age,
people were Hunter Gatherers.
They did not know how to
farm. They hunted animals
and foraged (gathered plants,
roots, and berries) to survive.
They used stone tools to cut
meat, cut animal skins for
clothes, and to protect
themselves. Eventually, Old
Stone Age people began
hunting in groups. Most of
prehistory takes place in the
Old Stone Age.
The New Stone Age began about
11,000 years ago in Southwest
Asia. The New Stone Age began
when people began planting seeds
and farming.
The Stone Age
The Stone Age began when
humans first made tools out of
stone. Humans used the sharp
pieces to cut plants or meat. The
first tools were very simple, and
the Stone Age lasted for hundreds
of thousands of years.
Shelter and
Clothing
This is a prehistoric shelter
that people in Russia used
about 18,000 years ago. They
are built out of the bones of
the Wooly Mammoth, which
was a very large animal that
resembled an elephant. These
shelters protected early
humans from the weather,
and from predators.
Prehistoric Man did not
have to worry about
freezing. He made warm
clothes from animal
skins..
Nomads
The hunter-gatherer society
lived in clans and were
nomadic
Nomadic groups were
people who have no fixed
home and move according
to the seasons from place to
place in search of food,
water, and grazing land.
Technology
Technology
Cave Paintings
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Prehistoric man did something rather unusual. For
some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on
cave walls
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His paintings were added to the paintings already
on the cave walls, left by other Prehistoric men.
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Over time, a cave might accumulate hundreds of
paintings. Colors used most often were brown, yellow/tan,
dark red, and coal black
Why did they do this? To express themselves. Religion?
What was the technology?
Technology
Prehistoric man improved stones by hammering
at soft volcanic rock, and the volcanic rock
chipped off into sharp pieces.
What was the technology?
Technology
Earlier
Later
Technology
Fire!
About 500,000 years ago, during the Old Stone Age, people
discovered fire. It is thought that people began striking
stones together to make a spark, or maybe they rubbed two
sticks together. When people learned how to make fire, they
could move to colder places.
What was the technology?
Journal Questions
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What was the communication like for
prehistoric Hunter Gatherers?
What were the roles of men and
women in Hunter Gatherer
communities?
Communication
Communication
•Communication was very rudimentary (simple)
•Sounds and gestures
•Developed gradually
•Imitating sounds in nature
Roles of Prehistoric Man and
Woman
Roles of Prehistoric Man and
Woman
Men
Woman
Hunted
Foraged
Physical
Domestic
Who do you think were the first farmers?
Journal Questions
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What effect did climate change have
on prehistoric Hunter Gatherers?
How were societies able to develop
during the Stone Age?
Why did agriculture develop?
What was the effect of agriculture
on human society?
What is subsistence living?
Climate Change
Humans (nomadic hunter-gatherers) spread out across the globe (in
bands of 25-70 people) in search of game and edible plants.
•The ice created a *bridge between what we now call Siberia and Alaska.
Humans crossed this bridge to North America and spread to South
America very quickly.
The ice age ended about 10,000 years ago (8000 BCE), leaving
humans living all over the world.
•The bridge between Siberia and Alaska disappeared, leaving
humans in the Americas separated from the rest of the world.
Temperatures increased, creating a longer growing season. The
ice receded, making the land drier and better for growing plants
Allowing people to migrate to other parts of the world. During
the ice age, a lot of large game was hunted to extinction (like
wholly mammoths). The invention of farming allowed people to
maintain a steady food supply.
The Beginning of Farming
•When people discovered farming, about 11,000 years ago, the
New Stone Age began. It is thought that women may have been
the first farmers, since men were always off hunting. Women
gathered plants and seeds, and it is likely that they discovered
farming.
•Nomads to semi permanent settlements – When people began
farming, they did not have to travel around anymore. They could
get food from the land that they lived on. This made life easier,
safer, and created a more reliable source of food. Because people
began to live in semi-permanent places they began building
shelters that looked more like houses.
•When farming began, people settled in lands with fertile soil.
Fertile soil is soil that has nutrients, which help plants grow the
best.
•subsistence living – The first farmers could only grow enough to
feed and clothe themselves.
Journal Questions
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Explain how domestication
fostered agricultural development.
What was a result of agricultural
development?
What were some agricultural
techniques that promoted a surplus
production?
How did irrigation play a role in
agricultural development?
What were examples of early
irrigation techniques?
Domestication
Humans learned another important skill during the New Stone
Age. They learned to domesticate, or tame, wild animals. Dogs
may have been among the first animals that were domesticated,
because they could help early humans hunt. Humans also tamed
sheep, cows, and pigs. This meant that they had a ready source
of meat - they could just kill one of their domesticated animals
when they needed food, instead of going out and hunting. These
agricultural developments led to the advent of semi-permanent
human settlements. The domestication of animals and plants
fostered agricultural development because man didn’t have to
travel in search of food this allowed them extra time to develop
better farming techniques.
Agricultural
Techniques
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Irrigation
Development of plows and other
instruments
Water wheels
Use of animals to assist labor
Agricultural Techniques
Irrigation
In places, like Egypt or the Arabian peninsula, it hardly
rains at all. Farmers can't rely just on the rainfall to water
their crops. They have to find some way of getting water
from the *river to their fields. That's called "wet farming,"
and the way they get water from the river is called
"irrigation." This agricultural technique allowed farmers
to make farms bigger and more productive.
Sophisticated irrigation techniques like dams, canals, and
ditches helped produce an extra supply of food “surplus.”
Irrigation
Irrigation
Journal Questions
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What is a surplus?
How was a food surplus achieved
in prehistoric times?
Why was the concept of food
surplus so important?
Surplus
Domestication of plants and animals led to a food surplus.
With techniques such as irrigation agriculture became
more refined. It was now possible to feed larger groups of
people from relatively small numbers of food-sources, and
still have an extra amount of food left over for storage
during the winter months. People in agricultural
communities had a more reliable food source than hunter
gatherers and thus had a higher chance of survival. This
created a population explosion and over time villages, then
towns, and eventually cities, took shape.
Surplus
Another effect of the food surplus was that not everybody
needed to be involved almost solely in the activity of
finding and preparing food. People now had more time to
specialize in other things and they could develop other
types of skills. New skilled professions were born such as
tool-making, milling, pottery, weaving, and carpentry, to
name a few. Thus, the Neolithic Revolution gave rise to
rapid technological progress that continues unabated to the
present day.
Journal Questions
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How were societies able to move from
subsistence living to a more complex
society?
What resulted when people moved from
subsistence living to a more complex
economic system?
What happened when economies
became better and more efficient?
Where and why did major trading routes
develop?
Subsistence Living (Beginning Neolithic)
surplus
specialization
trade
(Beginning of Civilizations) Complex
Society
Building Blocks of Civilization
Writing/
Language
Trade
Farming
Religion
Government
Settle in
place
Social Class
Surplus
Specialization
Building Blocks of
Civilization
•Early man needed to develop a government to help
them live together in peace
•They had time to develop a language, pottery, basketry,
weaving, culture, art, domesticated animals, division of
labor, towns, religion, and specialized institutions
•They established civilizations that could trade and
communicate with other civilizations
•As societies moved to a more complex economic
system civilizations began to develop
•Population growth which eventually created cities
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Journal Questions
How can the natural environment shape
the development of a civilization?
What geographical feature did the first
four Ancient Civilizations have in
common?
Give five reasons why rivers were ideal
locations for Ancient Civilizations to
arise.
What was a disadvantage of Ancient
Civilizations developing on rivers?
Geography/Natural
Environment
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Rivers – provide resources
Mountains – provide protection
Deserts – provide protection/isolation
Oceans/Seas – provide protection and
resources
Climate – comfortable climate makes
for desirable to live
What do the Earliest Civilizations have in common?
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers provided:
1. Water for drinking, irrigation, and
sanitation.
2. A means of travel/transportation and
trade
3. Natural defense against attack
4. Fertile land 5. Food – fishing and other animals
Rivers
In addition to providing valuable resources, it is
important to understand that these rivers could be
dangerous in times of flooding. Civilizations had
to take measures to control flooding and/or lessen
the severity of the impact. In spite of these
attempts to control flooding, early
civilizations often suffered devastating losses
associated with this phenomenon.
Activities:
Have your child:
•Chart the similarities and differences of early civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
•Create a tour brochure that shows the cultural attractions of a place related to a classical civilization
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(Greek, Roman, Indian, Chinese).
•Create a timeline of people and events from early civilizations.
•Identify items in the home that were used or invented by ancient civilizations (for example, baskets,
clocks, paper, calendars).
•Label a map of the locations of Aztecan, Mayan, and Incan civilizations. Discuss the geographic
influences on these civilizations.
•Make flashcards of important facts about African or Asian civilizations.
•Read the world section of the newspaper and discuss countries related to early and/or classical
civilizations.
•Visit museums when exhibits arrive about early and/or classical civilizations.
•Watch programs on public television or history channels related to early and/or civilizations.
Discuss how content in these programs relates to topics being studied in school.
•Write a newspaper article about the spread of the bubonic plague and its effects from the perspective
of someone living then.
•Write a poem about an important person of the Renaissance or Reformation.
•Identify a non-native plant or animal in the local community or region. Research its origins, probable
course of introduction, and effects on the local environment.
4 early River Valley Civilizations
• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)
• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
• Harappan Civilization - Indus River
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• Ancient
China - Huang He (Yellow) River
Mesopotamia
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Journal Questions
Name some characteristics of Mesopotamia.
Describe where Mesopotamia is located.
What did most of the society do for a living in
Mesopotamia?
Name some agricultural products produced by
Mesopotamia.
Describe the trade that resulted from the
production of goods in Mesopotamia.
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Journal Questions
What are the two rivers associated with
Mesopotamia?
Describe the physical characteristics of
Mesopotamia (geography).
Describe the writing system of Mesopotamia.
Describe the religion of Mesopotamia.
What was the architecture like in
Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates
Physical Characteristics
(Geography)
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Fertile land between the rivers
Land near the Mediterranean Sea (Forests)
Zagros Mountains in the East
Grasslands in the South
To the West lay deserts
In the center was a vast plain
Cuneiform
•Wedge shape writing
•Oldest writing system
•Original purpose was economic (record business
transactions)
•Used to record memoranda, lists of goods, receipts,
contracts, etc
•Oldest literature was epic poem The Epic of
Gilgamesh
Writing was reserved for the wealthy classes
Religion
•The people were Polytheistic (believed in many gods)
•They used the gods and goddesses to explain things
in nature
•All land belonged to the gods and kings were their
representatives
•Originally, each city-state had its own patron god but
later all gods were collected into a hierarchy reflecting
Sumerian values
•Afterlife – sad and gloomy place (later used as model
for Hell)
Religion
Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city.
Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. Your status depended
where you lived in relation to it.
They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods
descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder.
Sun-dried mud brick is used as the building blocks.
Architecture
•They adapted to their environment for the
architecture.
•Sun-dried mud bricks are used as the
building blocks.
•Defensive purposes – Walls around the
cities, Ziggurats, and houses
•Religious purposes
•Homes
•Palaces
Journal Questions
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Explain the social divisions of Ancient
Mesopotamia.
Name and describe the civilizations of
Ancient Mesopotamia.
Describe the government of Ancient
Mesopotamia.
What are some notable examples
associated with Ancient
Mesopotamia?
Social Class System in Mesopotamia
Ruler
Priests
Wealthy (business,
landowners, rulers family)
Artisans
Farmers
Slaves
Civilizations of Mesopotamia
•Sumeria – The first
•Babylon – Hammurabi-founder of the Old
Babylonian Empire
Conquered Sumeria
Most known for his code of laws
The Code of Hammurabi
Nebuchadnezzar- New Babylon
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
•Phoenicia – Alphabet,
Trade colonies (Carthage),
Purple Dye
Government in Mesopotamia
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Although all the cities shared the same culture each
city had its own government / rulers, warriors, and
functioned like an independent country.
All land belonged to the gods and kings were their
representatives
Kings and priests afforded special place in society
Theocracy – rule by gods or priests
Notable
Examples
of
Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of Government
Notable
Examples
of
Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of Government
Notable
Examples
of
Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of Government
1.
Sumerians (ancient Sumer’s city-states)
(3000 B.C. - 1800 B.C.)
2. Babylonians (Babylonian Empire)
( 1800 B.C. - 1200 B.C.
3.
Assyrians (Assyrian Empire)
(1200 B.C. - 539 B.C.)
4.
Persians (Persian Empire)
(539 B.C. - 330 B.C.)