Transcript 2. Ancient Near Eastx - herthel

Warm Up
January 24, 2014
What are the 3 classroom expectations? Write an
example and a non-example for each.
Mesopotamia: From Nomads to
Farmers
• Video
• Answer these questions as you watch:
– 1. “Mesopotamia” means ___.
– 2. Mesopotamia is located between the ___ and
___ rivers.
– 3. How did Mesopotamia control the river water?
– 4. How did people become slaves?
– 5. What is the highest/most important job in
Mesopotamia (other than royalty)?
Using the Online Textbook
•
•
•
•
•
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my.hrw.com
Username: w4n8j
Password: herthel
Click “Go to the Online Textbook.”
Chapter 2, Section 1 (on the top of the page).
Navigate textbook pages on the top center of
the page.
Ancient Mesopotamian Societies
-Use the textbook (under your desk) to fill in the
chart with specific factual details.
-Sumerian: page 34 – 36 (no leaders)
-Akkadian: page 36 – 37 (no social culture)
-Babylonian: page 37 (no social culture)
-Hittite: page 40 (no leaders)
-Assyrian: page 41 (no leaders)
-Persian: page 51 – 55
Complete for homework (due Monday)
Warm Up
January 27, 2014
What are the purpose(s) of laws? Who do you
think should write the laws, and how should they
be enforced?
Mesopotamia
1. Sumer
a. Geography
i. Located in an area called the Fertile
Crescent
1. It is a region that curves between the
Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf
2. This is also a fertile area that is located
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
ii. Area is referred to as Mesopotamia
b. City
i.
Considered to be
the world’s first
civilization
ii. In the center of the
city was a large
temple called a
ziggurat
1.
A ziggurat is a
pyramid like
structure
iii. Formed city-states over time
1. A city-state is a political unit with its own
government
2. Many city-states would form dynasties
c. Religion
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Were polytheistic
Believed the gods controlled all natural forces
Believed that a god protected each city-state
Priests held a high status in Sumer
d. Writing
i. Developed a form of writing called cuneiform
ii. Used to keep business accounts, to write works
on law and grammar as well as literature
iii. “Epic of Gilgamesh”
1.
2.
Best know Sumerian work
About a legendary king
e. Mathematics
i.
Developed their own math system based on the
number 60
ii. Used geometry to build elaborate structures and
irrigation systems
f. Sciences
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Invented the wheel to make pottery and other
vehicles
Developed the plow
Used bronze to make stronger tools and weapons
Built a sewer system
Catalogued medical knowledge
Performed basic surgery
Architecture included arches, ramps, and columns
g. Social Structure
i. Developed out of their trading industry
ii. At the top was the king, priests and principal
agents
iii. Next came large land owners and merchants
iv. Below them were farmers, artisans, and laborers
v. At the bottom were slaves
h. Gender Roles
i. Men held political power and made laws
ii. Women stayed at home and took care of the
home and children
2. Babylonian Empire
a. Hammurabi
i.
ii.
1792 B.C. became the
king of Babylon
United Mesopotamia
and formed the
Babylonian Empire
iii. Accomplishments
1.
2.
3.
4.
Building projects
Improved tax collection system
Increased trade
Established schools
a. Taught Sumerian language and cuneiform
iv. Allowed priests to have their powerful roles
v. Honored old Sumerian gods
b. Hammurabi’s code
i.
ii.
Dealt with everything
from trade and theft to
injury and murder
Code was important
because it was written
down for everyone to
see
Hammurabi’s Code
• Agree/Disagree
• Be ready to support your answer
Agree/Disagree
If you sue someone and lose, should you have to
pay?
"3. If any one bring an accusation
of any crime before the elders,
and does not prove what he has
charged, he shall, if it be a
capital offense charged, be put
to death."
A person tries to break into your
house, but are caught before
they take anything. Should they
be put to death?
"21. If any one break a hold into a
house (break in to steal), he shall
be put to death before that hole
and be buried."
If you cannot pay your bills,
should you have to yourself and
your family into slavery for 3
years?
"117. If any one fail to meet a
claim for debt, and sell himself,
his wife, his son, and daughter for
money or give them away to
forced labor: they shall work for
three years in the house of the
man who bought them, or the
proprietor, and in the fourth year
they shall be set free."
If a woman cannot have children,
should her husband be allowed
to take another wife?
"145. If a man take a wife, and she bear
him no children, and he intend to take
another wife: if he take this second wife,
and bring her into the house, this second
wife shall not be allowed equality with his
wife."
"146. If a man take a wife and she
give this man a maid-servant as wife
and she bear him children, and then
this maid shall assume equality with
the wife: because she has borne him
children her master shall not sell her
for money, but he may keep her as a
slave, reckoning her among the
maid-servants."
"147. If she have not borne him
children, then her mistress may
sell her for money."
Hammurabi’s Code Document
Analysis
• With your buddy, read the excerpt from
Hammurabi’s Code
• Answer questions 1-3, 5, 7-9 on a separate
sheet of paper.
• If you finish early, answer question 10 for
extra credit.
Review Graphic Organizer
Judaism and the Persian
Empire
1. Early Hebrews
a. Writings
i.
Much of what we know comes from their own
writings
ii. Contained their history, law and requirements for
their religion
iii. First 5 books form the Torah, the most sacred
text of Judaism
b. Founding Fathers
i.
Abraham
1.
2.
3.
Lived in Ur and was told to leave by God
God established a covenant with him
Promised to lead him to the Promised Land and make
his descendents a mighty people
ii. Jacob
1. Grandson of Abraham
2. Had 12 sons and would form the twelve tribes of
Israel
3. His name will be changed to Israel
iii. Moses
1. Born an Israelite but raised in the pharaoh’s
palace
2. Demanded the Israelites freedom
3. Lead the people out of Egypt after the pharaoh
gave permission to leave
c. The Exodus
i. It is a major event
ii. Passover
iii. After the Exodus the Israelites will wander in the
wilderness for 40 years
iv. 10 Commandments will be given during this time
to Moses on Mt. Sinai
d. The Promised Land
i.
Israel had to fight the people that lived there to
gain it
ii. Had a time of prophets and judges who were
believed to carry messages from God
e. Kings of Israel
i.
Saul
1.
2.
3.
Israel’s 1st king
Chosen for his military leadership
Described as jealous and a troubled ruler
ii. David
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Israel’s 2nd king
Well loved and united the people
Strong king and military leader
Gifted poet and musician
Capital was Jerusalem
iii. Solomon
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Son of David
Israel’s 3rd king
Israel reached its height under him
Praised for his wisdom
Built a magnificent temple in Jerusalem
f. Division and Conquest
i.
Divided Kingdom
1.
2.
3.
Kingdom was split into 2 after Solomon’s death
10 tribes formed the Northern Kingdom called Israel
2 tribes formed the Southern Kingdom called Judah
ii. Fall
1. Israel fell to the Assyrians in 772 B.C.
2. Judah fell to the Chaldeans in 586 B.C.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The temple of Jerusalem was destroyed
Thousands of Jews were brought to Babylon as slaves
Period is known as the Babylonian Captivity and lasted 50
years
Marked the Diaspora
i.
The scattering of the Jews outside of Judah
3. Persians will let the Jews return to Jerusalem and
they will rebuild the temple
g. Teachings of Judaism
i.
Monotheism
1.
2.
Believed there is only one God
This set them apart from the other people in the region
ii. Justice and Righteousness
1. Being just meant treating other people with
kindness and fairness
2. Being righteous referred to doing what was right
and proper even if others do not
a. This led to their creation of a strong code of ethics
b. Will be carried into Christianity
iii. Obedience to the law
1. 10 Commandments
a. Most important laws
2. Mosaic Law
a. Governs how people pray
b. When they worship
c. Dietary Law
i.
What they could eat
iv. Sacred Text
1. Most sacred was the Torah
2. Talmud
a. Contains explanations and interpretations of the other
sacred texts
2. Persian Empire
a. Persian Leader
i.
Cyrus II
1.
2.
3.
4.
He united the Persians and the Medes
He allowed conquered people to retain their own
customs
He freed the Jewish people and allowed them to return
to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple
Became known as Cyrus the Great
ii. Darius I
1. Put down a rebellion during his first year as king
2. He reorganized and strengthened his army
3. Created a permanent army
a.
b.
He paid them
The Ten Thousand Immortals
i.
Group within the army that served as the king’s bodyguards
4. Surrounded the kingship with ritual and
ceremony
5. Called himself either the Great King or the King
of Kings
6. Used Satraps (governors) to help him rule his vast
empire
7. Strengthened the economy
8. Built roads throughout the empire to help trade
9. Many believed that the high point of Persian
culture was reached under him
iii. Xerxes
1. Son of Darius
2. Tried to invade Greece and failed
3. Last strong ruler of ancient Persia
b. Religion
i.
Zoroastrianism
1.
2.
Taught that the world had been created by a god
named Ahura Mazda
Taught Dualism
a.
3.
4.
The belief that the world is controlled by two opposing
forces, good and evil
Believed people had freewill
Teachings on how people should live are recorded in
the Avesta
c. Persian Achievements
i.
Network of roads
1.
2.
They linked all parts of the empire
Longest road was the Royal road which stretched
more than 1500 miles
ii. Art and Architecture
1. Best example is the city of Persepolis
2. Used animals in their art work
Classwork
• Page 28 – answer questions 1, 2, 6-10. Be sure
to write the entire sentence.
• Page 58 – answer questions 1-4 and 6-7. Be
sure to write the entire sentence.
HWH: Homework
Due Tuesday, January 28, 2014
• For centuries, people fought for control of the Fertile
Crescent. From the earliest times of the Akkadians and the
Babylonians through the Persians and the Greeks, rulers
have fought and died to control this territory.
• Why were people so eager to live in and rule the Fertile
Crescent? What made this area so appealing? Write a two
paragraph essay, supporting your opinion with evidence
from your notes and the text.
• Note: be sure to cite anything you use from the text. For this
assignment, you can use internal citations by putting the
page number in parenthesis at the end of the sentence.