Transcript Early River Valley Civilizations08091

Civilization
Civilization
• What is Civilization
– Advanced Cities
– Specialized Workers
• Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization
• As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew.
• Traders, priests, government officials
– Complex Institutions (well organized central
governments
• Government, religions, and economy
• Soaring population made government necessary
• Education systmen
Civilization
• Writing (Record Keeping)
– As government, religion and economy grew so did the
need for record keeping.
– Writing system is development
– Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols,
then sounds
• Advance Technology
–
–
–
–
New tools
Farmers stated to use animals and nature
Melting copper and tin together made bronze
Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads,
bridges and defensive walls
Civilization
• Social Classes;
– Ranked according to their jobs
– Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans,
peasants, then slaves
• Arts and Architecture: Expressed the
beliefs and values of people
• Complex Religion
– Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god,
moon god.
How did Civilization Start
I.
Villages grew into cities
•
•
•
II.
Communities were based on agriculture
Domesticated animals became more common
Population increased
Economic Changes
•
•
•
•
•
Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue
other jobs
Developed skills besides farming
Craftspeople
Trade with other villages stated
Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail
(Mesopotamian)
How did Civilization Start
• III Social Changes
– Complex and prosperous economy affected
the social structure of the village life.
– Social classes starting to form
– Religion is more organized
– Polytheistic
Civilization
• Spread of Civilization
– City-states started to form
– Empires were territories controlled by one
ruler. ( Group of city-states)
– Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion)
• Civilization and Change
– Environmental changes
– Interactions among peoples (Culture
Diffusion)
Ancient Civilizations
I. Early River Valley
–
–
–
Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys
River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions
Fertile Crescent
II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.)
–
–
–
–
III.
Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)
Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Indus River Valley: Indian
Huang He Valley: China
Others:
–
–
–
Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley
Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast
Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)
Mesopotamian Civilization
I. Location
– People started top settle in the Southern parts of the
Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C.
– These people were called Sumerians
II Sumerian (City State)
– Geography;
• Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
• River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the
floods.
• No natural barriers for protection
• Surplus of wheat and barley
Egyptian Civilization
• Location
– North Africa
– Nile River Valley
– Delta
• Government:
– Theocracy
– Pharaohs
Indus
• Geography (India)
– Indus and Ganges Rivers
– Hindus Kush and Himalaya
separate India from Asia
• Civilization:
–
–
–
–
–
Little is know
Traded with Africa
Planned Cities (sewage system)
Strong Central government
Religion: Polytheism
• Writing unknown
China
• Location: Huang He Valley
• Natural barriers isolated ancient China
• Religion: Polytheism
» Believed in spirits of family ancestors.
» Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones
• Culture: Strong family tires
» Loyalty to the family
» Women were treated was inferiors
• Government: Strong Central government,
» First Dynasties
» Sharply divided between nobles and peasants (
» Ruled by class of warrior-nobles
• Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound
» Helped unify China
• Technology:
– Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.
• Built using baked clay bricks
• Planned before construction, using a grid
pattern
• Had indoor plumbing
• These early cities were destroyed by
Aryan invaders when they conquered the
region
• Phoenicians:
• Sailors and Traders
• Settle along the eastern
Mediterranean
• Colonized throughout the
Mediterranean, as far away as
Sicily and Spain
• Alphabet****************************
*
Hebrews and Kush(Nubia)
• Hebrews settled between the
Mediterranean Sea
• and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile
• Crescent in Southwest Asia).
• Kush(Nubia):
• Geography- East Africa
• Southern(Upper Nile)
• Separated from Egypt by the cataracts
• Sumer
– Earliest cities in southern
Mesopotamia
– Agriculture and trade (as
far away as India)
– Sumerians
• Developed the wheel
• Created first writing
system (cuneiform)
• Devised a mathematical
system and astronomy
Mesopotamian Civilization
III Great Solutions:
• Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for
protection.
• These activities required organization, cooperation, and
leadership
• This is the beginning of organized government and laws
IV Government and Society
•
•
•
•
World’s first city states
Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government,
Centralized government based on religion authority
Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers
to their sons. Forming Dynasties
• Women lost status overtime.
The Law Code of Hammurabi
Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon,
1792-1750 B.C.
Code of Hammurabi
• FIRST WRITTEN LAWS *******
• Needed a single, uniformed code
of law
• Code listed 282 specific laws
dealing with everything from
family relationships to business
• Different punishment for rich and
poor and for men and women
• *******Important Idea: It reinforced
the principle that government had
a responsibility for what occurred
in society
Religion
• Religion and Mythology
– Polytheistic religious belief
reflected harshness of war
and struggle with
unpredictable environment
• War-like gods who
possessed total control
over human lives
• Sacrifices, rituals, temples
(ziggurats)
• Power of priests and
priestesses
Ziggurat at Ur
Ziggurat at Ur
Sumerian
Science and Technology
•
•
•
•
•
Irrigation
Bronze
Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow
Basic algebra and geometry.
Strong in Astronomy which led to
calendars
Ancient Writing
• Language and writing
• Pictograms: Earliest written symbols
• Hieroglyphics: Egypt
• Cuneiform: Sumer
• Alphabet: Phoenicia
• Writing (Record Keeping)
– As government, religion and economy grew so did the
need for record keeping.
– Writing system is development
– Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols,
then sounds
A pictogram- a simplified picture
used in early forms of writing
Sumerian Writing
• Cuneiform:
– Need to keep records
– Developed from
pictographs
– Recorded myths,
laws, treaties, and
business
– Scribes
Video Writing
Cuneiform
Cuneiform
Mesopotamian
Cuneiform
Egyptian Culture
• Writing
– Hieroglyphic
• Earliest forms were pictures
• Later pictures stood for a sound
• Written on papyrus
• Science and Technolgy
– Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry &
Calendar.
China
–Writing- very difficult
»10,000 characters
»calligraphy- art form
»Writing: Early character
stood for an idea not a sound
»Helped unity China
•
Writing: early character stood for an id
» Helped unify China
Egyptian Writing
“Hieroglyphics
Directions for Writing Activity
Go online and look at examples of either Cuneiform,
Hieroglyrics, Chinese Calligraphy or the Phoenicians
Alphabet and using Educreations or a piece of paper and
create your own ancient language magazine or newspaper
Name of the Civilization
Location
Describe life there
Form of government
Fun Activity(Building the pyramids/making pottery
Any other details you can think of to help describe the
Civilization and the events of the day
Egyptian Culture
• Religion and Life
– Polytheistic
– Pharaoh viewed as god as well
– Death: After life
• Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse
• Built great pyramids: TOMBS
• Society: Hereditary
• Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class
• Women had a higher status & greater independence
Egyptian Pyramids
Mummification
Purification of the
body
Removal of the Internal organs
Drying the body
Washing the body
Body is stuffed with dry materials
Internal organs are put into jars
Body is Wrapped in linens
Body is wrapped in linens
Indus River Valley Civilization
Indus
• India began along the Indus River, where
two cities developed: Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro
• The Harrappans inscribed pictogramsscientists have not been able to decipher
the meanings
• The two cities had common traits:
China
Other Civilizations
• Phoenicians:
• Sailors and Traders
• Settle along the eastern Mediterranean
• Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and
Spain
• Alphabet*****************************
• Persian Empire:
–
–
–
–
Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ
Tolerance of conquered peoples
Development Imperial bureaucracy
New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM
– One wise god controlled the world and one evil god
» Good v.s. Bad
– Money Economy
– Road System to link the Empire
Monotheism and Polytheism
• Development of religious traditions
• Monotheism is the belief in only one
God
• Polytheism is the belief in many gods
• Polytheism was practiced by most early
civilizations.
• Monotheism was practiced by the
Hebrews.
Raise of Judaism
• Origins of Judaism
– Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism.
– Moses:
• led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan”
• The land they believed that God promises them
– Jerusalem: Capital of kingdom of Israel
• Beliefs, traditions and customs of Judaism
– Monotheistic: one god
– Torah: contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews
– Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism
•
•
•
•
state moral and religious conduct
A set of laws that God gave them
Exile
Diaspora
Judaism
• Spread of Judaism
– Exile: The Chaldens destroyed the great
temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into
exile.
– Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to
different parts of the world
• Why is Judaism Important
– First monotheistic religion
– Foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islamic Religions
Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Social patterns
– Hereditary rulers
• Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs
• Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted
• Political Patterns
– World’s first states( city-states,
kingdom/Empire)
– Centralized governments (Religious Auth)
– Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of
Hammurabi
• Development of Economic Patterns
– Metal tools & Weapons
– Increasing agricultural surplus
– Increase in trade along the rivers/seas
Phoenicians****
– Specialization of labor
• Religion Traditions
– Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ
– Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews
• Writing:
– Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet
Language and Writing
Hieroglyphics
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
Social and political organization:
•
The King: he had military powers.
•
The Governors: they governed the territories of
•
The aristocracy: they were priests and traders.
•
The peasants: the people who work the land.
the kingdom. They were generals and judges at
the same time.
The King
The Governors
The Aristocracy
The Peasantry
The Four River Valley Civilization
Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C.
Sargon’s Empire, 23502320 B.C.
The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C.
The Dynasty of Ur,
2100-2000 B.C.
Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon,
1792-1750 B.C.
Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle)
Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle)
Ea, the god of intelligence and
wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance
and then kills him.
The statue of the god
Marduk with his dragon,
from a Babylonian
cylinder seal. Marduk
killed Tiamat.
These carved stone figures,
their eyes wide with awe and
their hands clasped in
reverence, were placed in
Mesopotamian temples by
worshippers to stand in
perpetual prayer on their behalf
before the god or goddess to
whom the sanctuary was
dedicated.
There were many gods.
For example, Anu was the father
of the gods and the god of the
sky; Enlil was the god of the air;
Utu was the sun god and the
lord of truth and justice; Nanna
While they served and revered the
was the moon god; Inanna was
great gods, most people felt little
the goddess of love and war;
connection with these distant beings.
Ninhursag was the goddess of
Ordinary people depended on a
earth; and Enki was the god of
relationship with their own personal
fresh water as well as the lord
god - a kind of guardian angel - who
of wisdom and magic.
protected individuals and interceded
for them with the great deities.
Hieroglyphics
Egypt