Transcript electrical circuits

School Safety Training
Basic Electrical Safety
WAC 296-800-280
1/05
State Standards
Identify different methods by which electrical energy
can be produced. Discuss the safety hazards involved
in each method as well as prevention and control
methods relevant to electrical power supplies. Justify
the use of different precautions for the prevention or
management of electrical hazards and evaluate the
efficacy of the prevention measures.
Utilize the appropriate instruments needed to calculate
and measure voltage, amperage,
resistance, and wattage.
Concerned About Electricity?
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How many sets of holiday
lights do you plug into one
extension cord?
Do you still use your hot
and sparking electric drill?
Is your vacuum cleaner’s
cord twisted and frayed?
Have you installed outlet
covers to protect small
children’s probing fingers?
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Electrical Safety Goals
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Electricity and the human body
Electrical hazards and safe work practices
Quiz
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Electrical Circuits
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Electrical source
Electrical user
Wires
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Rules of Electricity
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Electricity travels in a completed circuit
Electricity always travels in the path of
least resistance
Electricity tries to travel to ground
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Electricity and People
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A person usually offers a lesser resistance
for the electricity
The person forms a completed circuit when
touching the ground
Electricity always tries to travel to ground
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Voltages and Amperes
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Voltage = Amps X Ohms
(resistance)
Converting voltage to
amps
Typical Industrial
Voltages
• 110/120 Volts = 60
milliAmps (mA)
• 220/240 Volts = 120 mA
• 440/480 Volts = 240 mA
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Effects on the Human Body
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1 mA: Can be felt by the body
2-10 mA: Minor shock, might result in a fall
10-25 mA: Loss of muscle control, may
not be able to let go of the current
25-75 mA: Painful, may lead to collapse
or death
75-300 mA: Last for 1/4 second, almost
always immediately fatal
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Body’s Resistance
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Skin offers most of the body’s
electrical resistance
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Increased resistance
• Thick and callused skin (foot or hand)
• Dry skin
 Decreased resistance
• Thin skin (inner forearm)
• Wet or sweaty skin
• Broken or abraded skin (scratches)
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Resistance Varies
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Different levels of electrical resistance
for each person
Ranges from 500 ohms to many thousands
of ohms
The greater the body’s resistance, the less
chance of harm
A similar voltage shock can be minor to
one person and deadly to another
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Additional Resistance
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Gloves
Shoes
Mats
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Electrical Safety Goals
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Electricity and the human body
Electrical hazards and safe work practices
Quiz
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Training
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Qualified workers
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Unqualified workers
• How to identify exposed energized parts
• How to safeguard or work on energized parts
• Have received LO/TO training
• How electricity works
• Risks of working with energized equipment
• Tasks to be performed only by qualified workers
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Hazard Control
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Electrical systems are inherently safe
Injuries typically occur when:
• Procedures are inappropriate
• Procedures are not followed or ignored
• Safety systems are circumvented
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General Electrical Hazards
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High-voltage overhead
power lines
Damaged insulation on
wires
Digging or trenching near
buried lines
Broken switches or plugs
Overloaded circuits
Overheated appliances or
tools
Static electricity
Flammable materials
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Portable Power Tools
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Inspect portable power tools
Never use damaged equipment
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Never use portable power equipment in wet
or damp areas
Stop using power tools if they become hot
or start sparking
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• Tag it out of service
• Have it repaired or replaced
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Extension Cords
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Inspect and check for
capacity
For temporary work only
Do not use as a rope to
pull or lift objects
Should not be fastened
with staples or hung over
metal hooks or nails
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Electrical Cord Inspection
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Deformed or missing pins
Damaged outer jacket or insulation
Evidence of internal damage
If damaged, take out of service until
repaired
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Circuit Protection
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Energize or de-energize with appropriate
switches, breakers, etc.
Do not energize or de-energize with fuses,
terminal lugs, or cable splice connections
If circuit protection device is tripped—
inspect
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Grounding Equipment
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Most electrical equipment is designed with a
grounding system
Do not use equipment with damaged
grounding connectors
Do not use adapters that interrupt the
grounding connection
NEVER cut the ground leg (third prong) off
of a plug. It is there to protect you!
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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
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GFCIs reduce the
likelihood of fatal shocks
Detect small amount of
earth current and
automatically switch off the
power
Used with extension cords
and portable tools
Fuses and circuit breakers
protect equipment, not
people
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Static Electricity
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Created when materials rub together
Can cause shocks or even minor skin burns
Reduced or prevented by:
• Proper grounding
• Rubber matting
• Grounding wires, gloves, or shoes
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Flammable/Ignitable Materials
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Flammable gases, vapors, or liquids
Combustible dust
Can be ignited by static electricity
Require specially designed electrical
equipment
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Where do we find flammable
liquids in school districts?
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CTE (Voc-Ed) wood and metal and shops
Science labs & storerooms
Visual Arts (Arts & Crafts) classrooms
Maintenance departments
Transportation departments
Grounds keeping departments
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Machine Operators
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Never tamper with electrical interlocks
Do not repair electrical components of
your machine
Properly shut off machinery before working
in the point of operation
Obey warning signs and follow safe procedures
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Electrical Safety Goals
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Electricity and the human body
Electrical hazards and safe work practices
Quiz
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Summary
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Electricity will try to reach ground even if it
means going through a person
Even the “small” voltage from your home
can cause serious injury
Always inspect power tools and cords and
do not use them if damaged
Do not attempt to repair electrical
equipment unless trained and qualified
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ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
S.MORRIS 2006
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State Standards
Identify different methods by which electrical energy
can be produced. Discuss the safety hazards involved
in each method as well as prevention and control
methods relevant to electrical power supplies. Justify
the use of different precautions for the prevention or
management of electrical hazards and evaluate the
efficacy of the prevention measures.
Utilize the appropriate instruments needed to calculate
and measure voltage, amperage,
resistance, and wattage.
The CELL
The cell stores chemical energy and transfers it to
electrical energy when a circuit is connected.
When two or more cells are
connected together we call this
a Battery.
The cells chemical energy is
used up pushing a current round
a circuit.
What is an electric current?
An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles
called electrons flowing through wires and
components.
+
-
In which direction does the current flow?
from the Negative terminal to the Positive terminal of a
cell.
simple circuits
Here is a simple electric circuit. It has a cell, a
lamp and a switch.
cell
wires
switch
lamp
To make the circuit, these components are connected
together with metal connecting wires.
simple circuits
When the switch is closed, the lamp lights up. This is
because there is a continuous path of metal for the
electric current to flow around.
If there were any breaks in the circuit, the current
could not flow.
circuit diagram
Scientists usually draw electric circuits using symbols;
cell
lamp
switch
wires
circuit diagrams
In circuit diagrams components are represented by
the following symbols;
cell
ammeter
battery
voltmeter
switch
motor
lamp
buzzer
resistor
variable
resistor
types of circuit
There are two types of electrical circuits;
SERIES CIRCUITS
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
SERIES CIRCUITS
The components are connected end-to-end, one
after the other.
They make a simple loop for the current to flow
round.
If one bulb ‘blows’ it breaks the whole circuit and
all the bulbs go out.
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
The components are connected side by side.
The current has a choice of routes.
If one bulb ‘blows’ there is still be a complete circuit to
the other bulb so it stays alight.
measuring current
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using
an ammeter connected in series in the circuit.
A
measuring current
This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit.
A
A
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
measuring current
SERIES CIRCUIT
• current is the same
at all points in the
circuit.
2A
2A
2A
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• current is shared
between the
components
2A
2A
1A
1A
copy the following circuits and fill in the
missing ammeter readings.
3A
?
4A
?
3A
1A
?
4A
?
4A
1A
1A
?
measuring voltage
The ‘electrical push’ which the cell gives to the current
is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a
voltmeter
V
measuring voltage
Different cells produce different voltages. The
bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the
current.
Unlike an ammeter a voltmeter is connected across
the components
Scientist usually use the term Potential Difference
(pd) when they talk about voltage.
measuring voltage
This is how we draw a voltmeter in a circuit.
V
SERIES CIRCUIT
V
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
measuring voltage
V
V
V
V
series circuit
• voltage is shared between the components
3V
1.5V
1.5V
parallel circuit
• voltage is the same in all parts of the circuit.
3V
3V
3V
measuring current & voltage
copy the following circuits on the next two
slides.
complete the missing current and voltage
readings.
remember the rules for current and voltage
in series and parallel circuits.
measuring current & voltage
a)
6V
4A
A
V
V
A
measuring current & voltage
b)
4A
6V
A
V
A
V
A
answers
a)
b)
4A
6V
6V
4A
6V
4A
4A
3V
2A
3V
4A
6V
2A