Transcript How do we know what happened in the past?

Historians
How do we
 People who study
know what
and write about the
past
happened in
the past?
Anthropologists
 People who study
society
 How people interact
and how they are
related
Archaeologists
How do we
know what
happened in
the past?
 People who hunt for
evidence about the
past
Artifacts
Early weapons or
tools
Fossils
Preserved animal
or plant
Paleolithic Period
What do we
know about
early humans?
 Old Stone Age
 ~2.5 million years ago
until 8,000 BC
 10,000 years ago
Nomads
What do we
know about
early humans?
 People who move
from place to place
 Usually groups of
about 30
 Hunter-gatherers
 Spent most of their
time looking for food
Nomadic men
What do we
know about
early humans?
 Men did the hunting
 Early nomads chased
animals off cliffs
 Later nomads
developed spears, traps,
& bow and arrows
Nomadic women
What do we
know about
early humans?
 Stayed at campsite
 Looked after children
 Foraged for berries,
nuts, grains
Nomadic shelter
What do we
know about
early humans?
 Near water
 Warm climates
Didn’t need much
 Cold climates
Often stayed in
caves
 Later: animal hides
held up by poles
What
advancements
did humans
make during
the Paleolithic
Period?
Fire!
 Rubbing pieces of
wood together
 Helped fend off cold
weather
 Ice Age from 100,000
BC to 8,000 BC
Language
What
 Developed spoken
advancements
language
did humans

Work
together
and
pass
make during
on knowledge
the Paleolithic
Period?
 Art
 Created paint and
made cave paintings
 Possibly religious?
What
advancements
did humans
make during
the Paleolithic
Period?
Technology
 Tools and methods that
help people perform
tasks
 Flint
 Could be sharpened for
axes, spears
 Fishing hooks
 Needles to make clothes
Neolithic Period
What
happened
during the
Neolithic
Period?
 New Stone age
~10,000 BC to
between 4,000
and 2,000 BC
 After the Ice Age
Domestication
What
happened
during the
Neolithic
Period?
 Definition: the
taming of
animals or plants
for human use
Domesticating
What
happened
during the
Neolithic
Period?
animals
 Dogs
 Sheep, goats, pigs
 Ox, yak, horses,
llamas, alpacas,
camels
Domesticating
What
happened
during the
Neolithic
Period?
plants
 Wheat, barley,
peas, rice, beans,
potatoes, maize
 Farming
What
happened
during the
Neolithic
Period?
 Historians called this
the “farming
revolution”
 Allowed people to
move away from
hunting and gathering
 Could stay in one
permanent place
 Fewer living the
nomadic lifestyle
Reasons to settle
What did
early villages
look like?
 Farmers needed
to be near their
crops
To water them
To harvest them
To protect them
Located all over
What did
early villages
look like?
the world
 Europe, India,
Egypt, China,
Mexico
Land bridge
linked Asia and
North America
during Ice Age
Jericho
What did
early villages
look like?
Located in
modern day
Israel
8,000 BC
Çatal Hüyük
What did
early villages
look like?
 Located in modern day
Turkey
 6,000 BC
 6,000 residents
 Mud-brick houses
 Decorated with wall
paintings
 Farmers and hunters
Why did Security
people decide  They had an
abundance of food
to settle in one
 Shelters were
place?
sturdier
 If they grew enough
food, they could
trade
Why did  Specialization
kinds of jobs
people decide  Different
for those that didn’t
farm
to settle in one
 Potters used clay to
place?
store food
 Weavers made baskets
and clothes
 Toolmakers made
farming tools like
sickles
Why did Copper
people decide  Heated rock, melted
copper
to settle in one
 Mixed with tin
place?
created much harder
material called
bronze
 Bronze age 3,000 BC
to 1,200 BC
 Civilizations are complex
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
societies
 Cities
 Cities grew out of villages
 Organized government
 Governments grew out of the
need for organization
 Class system
 Organization of society
meant division of labor
 Different people had
different jobs
 Others depended on you for
stuff
 You depended on them
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 Civilizations are
complex societies
 Religion
 Art
 Less time working
meant more leisure
time to think about
things
 Written language
 In order to pass on
their ideas, they had to
develop a writing
system
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 First civilizations
arose in river
valleys
 Good farming
conditions
 Soil fertile from
flooding
 Wetlands are
abundant in
wildlife
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 Fertile Crescent
 Area of land known
as Mesopotamia
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 Mesopotamia had a
very dry climate
 Farmers depended on
floods to make soil
fertile
 Didn’t flood every year
 Began to pray
 Irrigation
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 Irrigation
 Process of building
walls, waterways,
and ditches to bring
water to fields
 Allowed farmers to
grow food even if
the rivers didn’t
flood
When did
villages
become
civilizations?
 Sumer
 First civilization
 About how many
years ago?
 Formed by many
cities in Southern
Mesopotamia
What was life like in
Ancient Sumer?
Sumer
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Between Tigris
and Euphrates
River
 Mesopotamia
“Land between
the rivers”
Government
 Cities separated
What was life
by desert
like in ancient  City-states
Sumer?
Independent
Often went to
war with each
other
Glory and land
Religion
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Polytheism
 Belief in many gods
 Ziggurat
 Grant temples for
worship
 Centers of the cities
 Priests and
priestesses
 Very powerful
Citizens
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Mostly farmers
 Artisans
Made things out
of metal, cloth,
or clay
 Class system
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Upper class
Kings, priests,
and government
officials
 Middle class
Workers and
artisans
 Lower class
Slaves
Class system
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Upper class
Kings, priests,
and government
officials
 Middle class
Workers and
artisans
 Lower class
Slaves
Writing
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Invented writing
 Cuneiform
100s of symbols
Cut into clay
 Scribes
Record keepers
Important and
powerful
Literature
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Epic of Gilgamesh
 Oldest known story
 King who travels
the world and does
great things
 Tries to live
forever, but not a
god

Science & math
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
 Irrigation
 Water crops even if
the climate was dry
 Wheel
 Made traveling
between city-states
easier
Science & math
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
(cont)
 Plow
 Turned up the land
and made farming
easier
 Sailboat
 Relied on wind,
rather than
manpower, to sail
Science & math
What was life
like in ancient
Sumer?
(cont)
 Geometry
 Used to make
buildings and plot
land
 Numbers
 Based on 60—hours,
minutes
 Calendar
 Based on moon
 12-month calendar
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Empire
 Empire: group of
different people
under one ruler
 Assyria: largest
empire to date
 Arose about 1,000
years after
Hammurabi
 Fertile Valleys
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Empire
 Similar lifestyle to
Babylonians
 Capital at Nineveh
 On Tigris River
 Collected taxes
 Divided into
provinces
 Political districts
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Empire
 Similar lifestyle to
Babylonians
 Similar religion
 Polytheistic
 Same writing system
 Cuneiform
 Similar laws, but with
harsher punishments
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Empire
 Libraries
 Largest library in the
world with 25,000
stories and scripts
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Empire
 Large army
 Other groups jealous
of fertile land
 Needed army to
defend land
 Used army to take
over Mesopotamia in
900 BC
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Army
 Spears and daggers
 Bows and arrows
 Chariot riders
 Men on wheeled carts
pulled by horses
 Cavalry
 Soldiers on horses
How did the
Assyrians rise
to power in
Mesopotamia?
 Assyrian Army
 Better weapons
 Hittites produced stronger
iron
 Battering rams
 For walled cities
 Burned buildings,
kidnapped people
 Harsh punishments for
people who disobeyed
What caused
the fall of the
Assyrian
Empire?
 Fall of the Assyrian
Empire
 Harsh treatment left
people unhappy
 Led to uprisings
 Fighting after king
died
 Chaldeans rose to
power
Chaldeans
 King Nebuchadnezzar
How did the
Chaldeans rule
Mesopotamia?
 Controlled all of
Mesopotamia after fall of
Assyrian Empire
 Made Babylon a great city
again
 Largest and richest in the
world
 Hanging Gardens
 Irrigation techniques to
pump water to ziggurat
Babylon
 “In magnificence,
How did the
Chaldeans rule
Mesopotamia?
there is no other city
that approaches it.”
 Artisans made
pottery, cloth,
baskets, and jewelry
Sold it to caravans
Traveling
merchants
 Babylon
How did the
Chaldeans rule
Mesopotamia?
 Scientific discoveries
 Astronomers
People who study
heavenly bodies
Mapped stars,
planets, phases of
moon and created
the sundial
 Captured by Persian
Empire