Transcript Indus Valley

The Four Ancient Civilizations
And Their Ten Features
Indus Valley
10 Features
The term ‘Swastika’ derives from the ancient
language of Sanskrit. It is a symbol of good
luck for Hindus, Rebirth for Buddhists, and is
found on architecture, coins, and pottery
across many cultures around the world.
The German Nazis rotated the symbol and used
it as a symbol of their organization. They used
the Swastika because they felt it would
represent their Aryan lineage.
Indus Valley
Cities
• Harappa
• Mohenjo-Daro
Government
• Well-Organized
Government
• Possibly led by powerful
priest-kings
Gateway at Harappa
Indus Valley
Religion
• Polytheistic
• Mother Goddess
(Source of creation)
• Honored animals, including
the bull
Job Specialization
• Farmers provided food for
the civilization
• Priests
• Potters
• Merchants
• Traders
• Experts in Mathematics
Traders
Social Classes
• While much of the
civilization is shrouded in
mystery, experts suspect
there was a typical
hierarchical order. The
Indus Valley hosted
cultural diversity, and many
languages and traditions.
Indus Valley
Arts and Architecture
• Clay bricks to build
houses
• Well-Planned Cities
• Great Bath of MohenjoDaro
Great Bath
-Mohenjo Daro
Indus Valley
Public Works
• Modern Plumbing
• Sewers underneath the
streets
• Baths
• Grid-Patterned Cities
Indus Valley Script
Writing
• Indus Valley Script
Indus Valley
Geography
• The Indus , Ganges, and
Brahmaputra Rivers
• South Asia
• Subcontinent
• By the Indian Ocean
• Well-Watered Northern Plains
• Dry Triangular Deccan
– plateau
• Coastal Plains
• Snow-Covered Mountains
– Himalayas
– Hindu Kush
• Monsoons
Legacy
• Largest area controlled by
any civilization until the
Persians came along.
• Great architecture
• Well-Planned Cities
• 1st to cultivate cotton and
weave it into cloth
• Much of the Civilization is
still shrouded in mystery
10 Features
Mesopotamia
•
•
•
•
•
Cities
Ur
Kish
Erech
Babylon
Sumer
•
•
•
•
Government
City-States
Ruled by one ruler or king
Priests had some power
Scribes kept records and
collected taxes
The City-State of Ur
Mesopotamia
Religion
• Polytheistic
• Worshipped in sacred
temples called Ziggurats
Job Specialization
•
•
•
•
•
•
Merchants
Scribes
Farmers
Priests
Kings
Warriors
Carving in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Social Classes
• Social Hierarchy
–
–
–
–
–
Royal Family
Officials and Priests
Merchants & Artisans
Farmers/Peasants
Servants/Slaves
Ziggurat
Arts and Architecture
• Ziggurats
• Palaces
Mesopotamia
Public Works
• Steles—Hammurabi’s
Code of Laws
• Defensive Walls
• Temples
• Palaces
• Roads
• Irrigation Systems
Proto-Cuneiform
Subject: Beer Rations
Writing
• Cuneiform
– Transformed as the civilization
advanced
Mesopotamia
•
•
•
•
Geography
Fertile Crescent
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Dark, rich soil
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
Stele, made of Diorite
Maintained in Louvre, Paris
Legacy
• Hammurabi’s Code of
Laws
– 1st Set of Laws
• The First Wheel
• 1st Empire
• First form of writing
Egypt
10 Features
Egypt
Cities
• Giza
• Sais
• Heliopolis
Yul Brynner
as
Pharaoh Rameses II
-The Ten Commandments (1956)
Government
• Pharaoh—God-like
• Priests
Egypt
Religion
• Polytheistic
• Believed in the afterlife
• Believed the pharaoh was
directly related to the gods
– God-like
Amon Ra
-God Of Ancient Egypt
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Job Specialization
Government officials
Crafters
Traders
Merchants
Farmers
Workers
Overseers
Warriors
Priests
Egypt
Arts and Architecture
• Great Sphinx
• Pyramids
• Tombs
• Hieroglyphics
• Sculptures
• Pottery
• Coffins
• Make-Up
Social Classes
• Hierarchy
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ruling Family
High Priests
Nobles
Merchants
Scribes
Artisans
Farmers
Workers
Slaves
Tomb Painting
-Valley of the Kings
Egypt
•
•
•
•
•
•
Public Works
Pyramids
Temples
Roads
Tombs
Structures to control the
flooding Nile River
Irrigation Systems
Writing
• Hieroglyphics
The Great Pyramids
-Giza Plateau
Hieroglyphics
Egypt
Geography
Bronze Cat Statuette
-Ancient Egypt
Anubis Finishing
Mummification
-Tomb of Amennakht
• Hot and Dry
• Dessert
• Fertile Area
Around the Nile River
• North Africa
Legacy
•
•
•
•
•
Pyramids
Mummification
Art
Treasure
Academics
Tutankhamun's visceral coffin
China
10 Features
China
Cities
• Anyang
• Luoyang
• Zhengzhou
Government
• Empire
• Emperor
• Shang Kings
Shang Tang
China
Religion
• Polytheistic
• Shangdi
• Mother Goddess
Shangdi
Job Specialization
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peasants/Workers
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Officials
Warriors
Silk Makers
China
Social Classes
• Hierarchy
–
–
–
–
Royal Family
Noble Warriors
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants
Arts and Architecture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Calligraphy
Palaces
Sculptures
Paintings
Temples
Oracle Bones
Bronze Work
Iron Work
Chinese
Calligraphy
China
The Great Wall of China (Winter)
Public Works
• Palaces
• Temples
• Irrigation
• The Great Wall of China
• Dams
Writing
• Calligraphy
The Great Wall of China (Summer)
China
Legacy
Geography
• Silk Thread and Clothing • High Mountain Ranges
– Tien Shan
• First Books
– Zhou Period
•
• Silk Road
•
• The Great Wall of China
•
•
Ancient Chinese Landscape Painting
Handscroll; Ink & pale color on silk
•
•
•
– Himalayas
Deserts
Jungles
Pacific Ocean
Yellow Sea
Huang He River
Wei River
Yangzi River
Shang King