Transcript gerunds and infinitives

14
Modul ke:
Fakultas
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
dan BISNIS
Program Studi
Program Studi
AKUTANSI
The Module 1 is intended to give you further
understanding of how and what is needed to
comprehend much better concerning the
aspects of time and its changes.
Gerunds
• A gerund is a noun made from a verb by
adding "-ing."
• The gerund form of the verb:
read --- reading
write --- writing
swim --- swimming
2
Gerunds
• USE
1. Gerund is often used as a subject
• Examples:
Reading helps you learn English.
Swimming is a good exercise.
3
Gerunds
• USE
2. Gerund is used as an object after certain
verbs.
• Examples:
I enjoy reading.
She dislikes playing badminton.
Have you finished working?
4
Gerunds
• Gerunds is used after a preposition
Example:
• Before leaving the house, she checked all
windows.
5
Gerunds
• Gerunds can be made negative by adding
"not."
• Examples:
He enjoys not working.
The best thing for your health is not smoking.
6
Gerunds
• The gerund is often used after certain verbs.
Examples:
• I dislike working after 5 pm.
• We enjoy hiking.
• She stopped working at 6 o’clock.
• She suggested going for a movie.
• Farah keeps talking about her problems.
7
Gerunds
• Gerund is used after certain expressions such
as can’t stand, can’t bear, etc.
• He can’t help talking so loudly.
• I can’t stand her smoking in the office.
• He can’t bear having so much responsibility.
8
Infinitives
• Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb.
• The infinitive form of:
learn ---- to learn
give ---- to give
• Examples:
He wants to go now.
They want to learn.
9
Infinitives
• Infinitives can be made negative by adding
"not.“
• Examples:
• I decided not to go.
• The most important thing is not to give up.
10
Infinitives
•
1)
The infinitive is used:
After certain verbs, adjectives and nouns.
a. Verb + infinitive
They hope to reach the party on time.
I want to try the new ice-cream flavour.
b. Adjective + infinitive
I’m happy to hear you are well.
She’s delighted to see him.
c. Noun + infinitive
I’ve got some homework to do.
11
Infinitives
• The infinitive is used:
2) To express a purpose
• I got up early to do homework.
• I have some letters to write.
12
Infinitives
c) The infinitives can also follow certain nouns.
Nouns + infinitives
It’s a high price to pay.
It’s time to take a break.
He made a decision to take up extra subjects.
13
Gerunds and Infinitives
• Some verbs (e.g. love, hate, start, prefer) can take gerund or
infinitive, with similar meanings.
Examples:
• I love to eat chocolates.
• I love eating chocolates.
• I started to polish the car, but then decided not to.
• I started polishing the car, but then decided not to.
14
Gerunds and Infinitives
BE CAREFUL!
• A few verbs (such as ‘stop’, ‘remember’ and ‘forget’) can be
followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but the
meanings are different.
• Examples:
They stopped having lunch at the restaurant.
(They don’t eat at the restaurant anymore)
They stopped to have lunch at the restaurant.
(They stopped another activity in order to have lunch at the restaurant)
15
Gerunds and Infinitives
Examples:
• He remembered putting his keys on the table.
• He remembered to put his keys on the table.
• Roy never forget eating dinner at the
restaurant.
• Roy never forget to eat dinner.
16
Gerunds and Infinitives
BE CAREFUL!
• ‘To’ can be part of the infinitive or it can be a
preposition.
• Use gerund after the preposition ‘to’.
Examples:
I look forward to hearing from you. (√)
I look forward to hear from you. (X)
17
Gerunds and Infinitives
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the infinitive.
I want _____ (finish) work early tonight.
I hate ______ (wait) for buses in the rain.
I’m going to the café _____ (meet) Anna.
Sam is really good at _____ (climb).
Thank you for ____ (be) so helpful.
I enjoy _____ (listen) to the radio while cooking.
Let’s go now. I’m worried about _____ (miss) the train.
He refused _____ (help) me.
18
Gerunds and Infinitives
• Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the infinitive.
9. There’s a lot of work ______ (do) in the new building.
10. ‘What’s this for?’
‘It’s for _______ (cook) the vegetables.’
11. I really love _____ (play) with the children.
12. ______ (swim) is a good form of exercise.
13. I can’t stand _____ (do) the washing-up.
14. We managed ______ (pass) the exam by _____ (test) each other every
evening.
15. We were getting tired, so we stopped _____ (have) lunch.
16. I was surprised _______ (not hear) about the new baby.
19
Gerunds and infinitives
can function as:
To form gerunds, use
the base form + ing
(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs)
I enjoy learning English
Gerunds used as subject of
the sentence.
Dancing is fun.
Gerunds used as objects
He enjoys working with
children.
Verbs that take only Gerunds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appreciate
Avoid
Delay
Deny
Discuss
Dislike
Enjoy
Excuse
Finish
understand
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keep
Mention
Mind
Miss
Postpone
Quit
Recall
Recommend
Resent
suggest
Gerunds used as object of
the preposition
I am thinking about taking the
children to Mexico.
Common preposition combinations
followed by gerunds
• Be excited about, complain about, talk about,
think about, worry about
• Apologize for, blame for, famous for
• Believe in, interested in, succeed in
• Take care of, instead of, be accused of
• Insist on, count on, concentrate on
• Keep from, prevent from, profit from
• In addition to, look forward to, be used to
By + gerund
You get good grades by studying hard.
Some expressions are used
with gerunds
Be busy, can’t help, have fun,
it’s no use, it’s not worth
To form infinitives use
to + base form of the verb
Infinitives in the subject
position
To live in the United States is my dream
It is my dream to live in the United States.
Verbs that take infinitives
Verb + infinitives – agree, appear, decide
hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend,
wait, can afford
Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive – cause,
convince, force, invite, order, persuade,
remind, tell, trust, warn, advise, encourage
Verbs that come directly after the infinitive or
have a noun phrase – ask, beg, choose,
expect, need, want, would like, promise
Adjectives followed by
infinitives
Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful,
delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy,
lucky, pleased, ready, sad, sorry,
Infinitive of purpose
In order to
I came here in order to learn.
Infinitive with too and enough
too + adjective or adverb + infinitive
Gerunds often follow verbs that
indicate that an action is happening or
Infinitives often follow verbs that
indicate that an action will or could
Verbs that are followed by
These verbs are:
advise
allow
Some verbs can be followed by both
gerund or infinitive with no change in
meaning.
I like cooking.
I like to cook.
Some verbs although they can be used
after both gerunds and infinitives have a
difference in meaning.
She stopped smoking.
She stopped to smoke.
They forgot buying bread.
Used to
Verbs of perception:
infinitives: from start to finish
Infinitive forms are not used after the
following verbs of perception:
feel
see
When a specific performer of the
gerund action needs to be indicated, a
Your neglecting your teeth will cause
an earlier return to the dentist.
I don’t mind his leaving early.
(formal)
I don’t mind him leaving early.
When an infinitive functions as a
subject or a subject complement, any
For people to see is a wonderful gift.
Her desire was for them to take a trip
around the world
Infinitives can occur in the progressive
Both gerunds and infinitives can occur
A gerund can be used in the passive
form
Have
She made her daughter go to the
party.
After causative verbs:
get
Sense-perception verbs:
hear, listen to
feel, smell, see
We saw people living in poverty.
We saw them perform
Help
can take an infinitive or base form.
perfect infinitive: to have moved
Perfect gerund: having moved
passive gerund: being done
The End!
Terima Kasih