Transcript Sentences File

SENTENCES
Simple, compound and complex sentence
Simple Sentence
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A simple sentence, also called an independent
clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it
expresses a complete thought.
Any independent clause can stand alone as a
sentence.
e.g. Jill enjoys reading and listening to music.
Examples
A. Some students like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The three examples above are all simple sentences.
Note that sentence B contains a compound subject,
and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple
sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and
express a complete thought, but they can also
contain a compound subjects or verbs.
Compound Sentence
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A compound sentence contains two independent
clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators
are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Each clause can stand alone as a sentence.
Except for very short sentences, coordinators are
always preceded by a comma.
e.g. The sun was setting in the west and the moon was
just rising.
Examples
A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to
speak English.
B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went
shopping.
C. My friend enjoyed the film, but she didn't like
the actor.
Complex Sentence
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A complex sentence has an independent clause
joined by one or more dependent (subordinate)
clauses (which cannot stand by itself).
A complex sentence always has a subordinator such
as because, since, after, although, or when or a
relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
Exmaples
A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to
give the teacher the last page.
B. The students are studying because they have a
test tomorrow.
C. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria
went to the movies.
D. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
Quiz 1 Simple, compound or complex
sentence?
1: The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students,
and took attendance.
2: Juan played football while Juanita went shopping.
3: Juan played football, yet Juanita went shopping.
4: Although Mexico has the better football team, it lost.
5: The island was filled with many trails winding through the
thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild pigs.
6: Naoki passed the test because he studied hard and understood
the material.
Answers
1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Compound
4. Complex
5. Simple
6. Complex
Quiz 2 Simple, compound or complex
sentence?
1. Helen Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880 and
died in 1968.
2. Until she was 19 months of age, her sight and hearing were
normal.
3. At the age of 19 months, a severe illness left her deaf and
blind.
4. When she was seven, she began her education in reading and
writing with Anne Sullivan of the Perkins Institute for the Blind.
5. Through persistence and stubbornness, Anne breaks through
Helen's walls of silence and darkness and teaches her to
communicate.
6. Helen Keller learned to read by the Braille system, and
she learned to write by using a specially constructed
typewriter.
7. Later, she entered Radcliffe College and graduated
with honors in 1904.
8. Helen Keller's story needed to be told, so in 1962, a
beautiful movie was made about her life.
9. "If there were only joy in the world, we could never
learn to be brave and patient." -- Helen Keller
10. "Life is either a daring adventure, or it is nothing." -Helen Keller
Answers
1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Simple
4. Complex
5. Simple
6. Compound
7. Simple
8. Compound
9. Complex
10. Compound
Subordinated Sentences
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Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or
adjectival.
A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun
or noun phrase. Noun clauses answer questions like
"who(m)?" or "what?“
Subordinated Sentences
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An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or
expression in the sentence that functions as an
adverb. Adverb clauses answer questions like
"when?", "where?", "why?“
An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative
clause) does the work of an adjective and describes
a noun.
Nominal Clause
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It is a group of words containing a subject and a
finite verb of its own and contains one of the
following: that | if | whether
For example:
I wondered whether the homework was necessary.
Adverbial Clause
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An adverbial clause is separated from the other
clauses by any of the following subordinating
conjunctions: after | although | as | because |
before | if | since | that | though | till | unless |
until | when | where | while
For example:
They will visit you before they go to the airport.
Relative Clause
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This kind of clause is used to provide extra
information about the noun it follows.
It's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who |
whom | whose | that | which
For example:
I went to the show that was very popular.
Unit 42
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Relative Clauses
A relative clause follows the noun it modifies.
It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun:
who, whom, whose, (that)
which, that
things
when
time
where
place
person
Restrictive or Non-restrictive
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Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called
defining relative clauses, or identifying relative
clauses.
Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called
non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses.
In English a non-restrictive relative clause is
preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in
writing, unlike a restrictive clause.
Restrictive or Non-restrictive?
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The builder, who constructs very fine houses, will make
a large profit.
The builder who constructs very fine houses will make
a large profit.
Explanation
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The builder, who constructs very fine houses, will make a
large profit.
This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive
relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and
assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us
firstly about his houses, then about his profits.
The builder who constructs very fine houses will make a
large profit.
This second example uses a restrictive relative clause.
Without the commas, the sentence states that any
builder who builds such houses will make a profit.
Unit 43
Purpose Clause
You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose of the
action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose
clause is a to-infinitive clause.
e.g. Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report.
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In formal writing, in order to and so as to are often used.
e.g. The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its
clients’ views.
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In formal writing, you can also introduce a purpose clause with so
that or in order that. These finite purpose clauses usually contain a
modal.
e.g. Dr Chan adjusted the overhead projector so that the students
would be able to see the chart more clearly.
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Unit 43
Result Clause
When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a
result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as so, so... that,
or such … that.
e.g. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall
asleep.
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There are many other ways of talking about the result of an action or
situation. In some situations you may prefer to use and as a result or with the
result that.
e.g. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and as a result some of the students
began to fall asleep.
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As a result can also be used at the beginning of a new sentence.
e.g. The lecture was boring and irrelevant. As a result, some of the students
began to fall asleep.
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Quiz Result or purpose clause?
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There were so many books on the subject that Cindy
didn’t know where to begin.
The teacher used hand outs so that the students
would be able to see the grammar chart.
The government increased the duty on wine. As a
result, there was a fall in demand.
The university introduced two new English courses
with a view to enhancing students’ proficiency in the
language.
Answers
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Result
Purpose
Result
Purpose
Sources
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eslbee.com
www.learnenglish.de
Technical English Vocabulary and Grammar
Summertown Publishing 2002, Nick Brieger and
Alison Pohl