Transcript PARTS OF SPEECH.pps

ENGLISH VOCABULARY
 PARTS OF SPEECH
Why Learn Parts of Speech?
Why Learn Parts of Speech?
They are the building
blocks of English
grammar.
 Understanding and
applying a process is
learning to learn.
 It is a foundation to
improve your writing.

Eight Parts of Speech
Nouns
Interjections
Adjectives
Conjunctions
Word that names
A
Person
A
Place
 A Thing
 An Idea
Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns
boy
girl
Singular Nouns
boy
girl
Concrete Nouns
Car
Table
Proper Nouns
John
Mary
Plural Nouns
boys
girls
Abstract Nouns
Anger
Friendship
Nouns

Names of persons,
places, things, feelings,
or ideas.

Example:
John has a new car,
and he parks on the
street under a big tree
in Filer.
Nouns

Names of persons, places,
things, feelings, or ideas.

Often indicated by
“noun markers” -- a, an,
and the.

Example:
The boy on the red
bike hit a bird with a
rock at the end of the
long road.
Nouns

Names of persons, places,
things, feelings, or ideas.

“Noun markers” -- a, an,
and the.

Noun endings:
-ness,
-ment, -ance, -ence, ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, ure.

Example:
Happiness is the
preference of every
action and is the
tendency toward
kindness and
contentment.
Nouns

Names of persons, places,
things, feelings, or ideas.

“Noun markers” -- a, an,
and the.

Noun endings:

Can be made plural with
s or es.
ness, -ment, -ance, -ence,
-ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure.

Example:
The needs of the
masses may conflict
with expectations of the
members of legislative
bodies.
Nouns
 Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas.
 “Noun markers” -- a, an, and the.
 Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -
ency, -ity, -ion, -ure.
 Can be made plural with s or es.
A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a
statement
“be” verbs
&
taste
feel
sound
look
appear
become
seem
grow
remain
stay
Every sentence must have
a
© Capital Community College
Kinds of Verbs

Action verbs express
mental or physical
action.
He rode the horse to
victory.

Linking verbs make a
statement by
connecting the
subject with a word
that describes or
explains it.
He has been sick.
VERB
A verb tells what the
noun does or is…
 An action verb tells
you that “She dances.”

•A linking or state of
being verb tells you that
“The monster is ugly.”
Verbs

The action or “doing”
words in a sentence.
The horse ran, jumped
and kicked until it threw
the rider.
 Most verbs make sense
in the blanks below:

• He _________.
• They ________.
Verbs
The action or “doing”
words in a sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show
being.

Example:
She is a nice person,
and we are her friends.
 Memorize the linking
verbs:
Be, am, is, are, was,
were, been, being.

Verbs
The action or “doing”
words in a sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show
being.
 Change to show time
(tense).

Example:
 Today I am on a bus, and
it goes past my house.
 Yesterday I was on a
bus, and it went past my
house.
The words that change are
verbs.

Verbs
The action or “doing”
words in a sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show
being.
 Change to show time
(tense).
 Complete verbs include
“helping verbs.”


Always helping verbs:
Can Will Shall May
Could Would Should Might
Must

Always verbs, may be
helping:
• Have, has, had
• Do, does, did, done
• Be, am, is, are, was, were,
been, being
Verbs
The action or “doing”
words in a sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show
being.
 Change to show time
(tense).
 Complete verbs include
“helping verbs.”


Example:
They might have been
going to the store if they
could have gotten a
ride.
Verbs
 The action or “doing” words in a
sentence.
 “Linking verbs” show being.
 Change to show time (tense).
 Complete verbs include “helping verbs.”
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Indefinite Pronouns
anybody
each
either
none
someone, one, etc.
Pronouns

Specialized words to
take the place of nouns.

Example:
Paul gave Emily
stationery because he
wanted her to write to
him when she could.
Pronouns
Specialized words to
take the place of nouns.
 Often refer to people
and have several forms.

Memorize:
I he we she they
me him us her them
 Other common
pronouns:

• you, it, this, that, who,
what, someone,
everything, anyone, and
many other similar
words.
Pronouns



Specialized words to take
the place of nouns.
Often refer to people and
have several forms.
May be possessive,
showing ownership and
working like an
adjective.
Example:
Her red car is faster
than my old Ford, but
their new Honda cost
more than ours.
 Note the form:

I he we she they
me him us her them
my his our hers theirs
Others: yours, its, whose
Pronouns
 Specialized words to take the place of nouns.
.
 Often refer to people and have several forms
 May be possessive, showing ownership and
working like an adjective.
Modifies or describes a
noun or pronoun.
Did you lose your address
book?
Is that a wool sweater?
Just give me five minutes.
Answers these questions:
Adjectives

Describe or modify only
nouns.

Example:
A big, red dump truck hit
a parked little car and
the worried driver ran
to the other side of the
busy street.
Adjectives


Describe or modify only
nouns.
Answer questions,
“what kind?” or “how
many?”






Example:
The three tired teens
tried to eat a large pie
at two pizza parlors.
How many teens? three
What kind of teens? tired
What kind of pie? large
How many parlors? two
What kind of parlors? pizza
Adjectives



Describe or modify only
nouns.
Answer questions, “what
kind?” or “how many?”
The “noun markers” a,
an, the are always
adjectives.

Example:
The way to a smile and
an appreciative attitude
is through the stomach.
Adjectives




Describe or modify only
nouns.
Answer questions, “what
kind?” or “how many?”
The “noun markers” a, an,
the are always adjectives.
Usually “piled up” before
nouns.

Example:
The long, shiny black
limousine pulled in
front of the huge old
mansion, and a tall,
well-dressed older
gentleman got out.
Adjectives





Describe or modify only nouns.
Answer questions, “what kind?”
or “how many?”
The “noun markers” a, an, the are
always adjectives.
Usually “piled up” before nouns.
May follow linking verbs
and describe the subject.
Example:
The river is deep, wide
and cold, but the divers
are brave and welltrained.
Note: to test these, try
putting them in front of
the noun they modify.

Adjectives
 Describe or modify only nouns.
 Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how
many?”
 The “noun markers” a, an, the are always
adjectives.
 Usually “piled up” before nouns.
 May follow linking verbs and describe the
subject.
Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
Answers the questions:
He ran quickly.
She left yesterday.
We went there.
It was too hot!
To what degree or how much?
Interrogative
Adverbs
introduce questions
How did you break your
leg?
How often do
you run?
Where did you put the
mouse trap?
Adverbs

Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs.

She quickly ran to her
extremely tired friend
and gave him a very big
hug.
Adverbs
Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs.
 Answer the adverb
questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under
what conditions?


Soon the very able pilot
confidently flew west,
and thus he almost
crashed.
When? soon
Where? west
How? very,confidently
Why? thus
What conditions? almost
Adverbs

Describe verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs.
Answer the adverb
questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under what
conditions?

Often end in -ly

Example:
The extremely hungry
animal howled eerily in
the especially dark
night.

Adverbs




Describe verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs.
Answer the adverb
questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under what
conditions?
Often end in -ly
Always adverbs: not
very, often, here, almost,
always, never, there
Example:
We do not very often
want them here, for
they are always late
and almost never want
to go there with us.

Adverbs
 Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
 Answer the adverb questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under what conditions?
 Often end in -ly
 Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost,
always, never, there
A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.
The preposition
never stands alone!
object of
preposition
preposition
object
You can press those leaves under glass.
can have more than
one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.
Some Common Prepositions
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
down
during
except
for
from
in
into
like
of
off
on
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
Prepositions
Specialized words to
start prepositional
phrases.
A prepositional phrase
is a group of words
describing things
which starts with a
preposition and ends
with a noun or pronoun.


The man on the bus with
a hat on his head looked
at me and turned
toward the window.
Prepositions
Specialized words to
start prepositional
phrases.
 Most prepositions are
small, common words
indicating time, place
or position.

Memory clue:
The rabbit went _____
the hollow log.
 Memorize:
at, from, to, on, in,
into, onto, between,
under, over, against,
around, through

Prepositions



Specialized words to start
prepositional phrases.
Most prepositions are
small, common words
indicating time, place or
position.
Some prepositions
simply must be
memorized.
Example:
The problem with him
is that he sleeps
during the day and
spends most of the
night with his friends.
 Memorize:
of, with, for, during

Prepositions
 Specialized words to start prepositional
phrases.
 Most prepositions are small, common words
indicating time, place or position.
 Some prepositions simply must be
memorized.
The conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words
or groups of words.
or
but
Conjunctions

Words which “hook”
words, phrases, or
sentences.
Memory clue: FAN BOYS.
For But
And Or
Nor
Yet
So
Example:
She and I left, but they
stayed, for Joe or Ted
was coming on the
bus, yet not on time.

Conjunctions
Words which “hook
together” words,
phrases, or sentences.
 Some conjunctions only
hook clauses.
They include:
when, as, if, since,
because, while, after,
although, before

Example:
I ran when I saw her
because I was happy
since she was home.
 Memory clue:
She is cute _____ she
smiles.

Conjunctions
 Words which “hook together” words, phrases,
or sentences.
 Some conjunctions only hook clauses.
The interjection
is an exclamatory word that expresses
emotion
Goodness! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that
sunset!
Interjections

Words which show
emotion or are “fillers”
with no other function.
Example:
Oh, I am surprised, but
please don’t do it
again. Ouch, you hurt
me.
