Transcript prefixation

英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：构词法(I)
制作人：寻阳、孙红梅
单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
General introduction
Affixation(30%-40%)
Compounding(28%-30%)
Conversion (26%)
The most
productive
methods
clipping
Shortening (8%-10%)
acronymy
Blending 1%-5%
Backformation
Sound
reduplication
4.1 Affixation/derivation
• Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation
and suffixation and the differences between
them are just the differences between prefixes
and suffixes.
Classification of prefixes
The major prefixes can be classified into
10 categories by their meaning.
1. Negative Prefixes否定前缀
2. Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀
3. Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀
4. Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀
5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前
缀
6. Locative prefixes方位前缀
7. Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀
8. Number prefixes数字前缀
9. Conversion prefixes转化前缀
10.Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
1. Negative prefixes
(1)
un
wise
expected
happy
1. Negative prefixes
(2)
non
essential
smoker
resistance
1. Negative prefixes
(3)
dis
honest
like
believe
1. Negative prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
un-
unwise
non-
nonessential
disin-
im-
not,
the converse
of
dishonest
informal
immature
il-
illegal
ir-
irregular
2. Reversative prefixes
(1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes
(2)
de
centralize
mobilize
forest
code
2 Reversative prefixes
(3)
dis
connect
union
colour
hearten
2. Reversative prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
un-
dedis-
unpack
reversing
the
action
decode
disconnect
3. Pejorative prefixes (1)
mis
hear
conduct
lead
3. Pejorative prefixes
(2)
mal
function
formed
odorous
3. Pejorative prefixes
(3)
pseudo
science
democratic
memory
3. Pejorative prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
mis-
wrongly
mishear
mal-
bad
malformed
pseudo-
false
pseudoscience
4. Prefixes of degree or size (1)
arch
enemy
liar
enemy
bishop
4. Prefixes of degree or size
(2)
super
man
natural
market
country
4. Prefixes of degree or size
(3)
out
grow
run
live
weigh
4. Prefixes of degree or size
prefixes
meaning
examples
archsuperoutsursuboverunderhyperultra-
supreme
more than
surpassing
over
below
excessive
too little
extreme
extreme
archbishop
supermarket
outlive
surcharge
subnormal
overconfident
underhand
hypercritical
ultrafashionable
5. Prefixes of attitude (1)
co
exist
author
operate
5. Prefixes of attitude
(2)
act
argument
example
counter
revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude
(3)
anti
social
national
clockwise
slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
with
cooperate
counter-
against
counterattack
anti-
against
anti-clockwise
pro-
for
pro-Chinese
6. Locative prefixes
(1)
sub
soil
way
contract
6. locative prefixes
(2)
inter
marry
play
national
6. locative prefixes
(3)
trans
Atlantic
continental
plant
sexual
6. locative prefixes
prefixes
subintertrans-
fore-
meaning
under
between,
among
across, from
one place to
another
front
examples
subway
international
transplant
forename
7. Prefixes of time and order
(1)
fore
tell
see
sight
knowledge
7. Prefixes of time and order
(2)
pre
school
war
liberation
consider
7. Prefixes of time and order
(3)
post
industrial
graduate
war
7. Prefixes of time and order
prefixes
meaning
examples
fore-
before
foresee
pre-
in advance
preschool
post-
after
postindustrial
ex-
former
ex-president
re-
again
resell
8. Number prefixes
(1)
semi
hemi
annual
feudal
cycle
sphere
8. Number prefixes
(2)
uni
color
corn
form
culture
mono
tone
8. Number prefixes
(3)
di
bi
oxide
ennial
lingual
lateral
lemma
8. Number prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
semi-, demi-,
hemiuni-, mono-
half
one
semi-feudal, demicircle, hemisphere
uniform, monotone
bi-, di-
two
bilingual, dioxide
tri-
three
triangle
quadr(i)-, tetra-
four
quadrennial,
tetrapetalous
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
quinqu-,
pentahexa-, sex-
five
sept-, hepta-
seven
quinquagenarian,
pentagon
hexahedron,
sexcentenary
septangle, heptad
octa-
eight
octad
ennea-
nine
ennead
six
9. Conversion prefixes
(1)
a
stride
tremble
wash
sleep
9. Conversion prefixes
(2)
be
calm
little
friend
• Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs
– befriend (to behave as a friend to)
– becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽)
– benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make
inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝
– belittle
– becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安
静的或静止的；使镇静)
• With nouns plus –ed to yield adjectives
– bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses)
– Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑
暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness;
unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；
未启蒙的)
9.Conversion prefixes
(3)
en
large
rich
danger
slave
en-( em before p,b,m)
• Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs.
1. 使成为
2. 使处于…状态
• Before nouns,
– enslave(cause to be);
– empower(v. 授权）
– embody (v. 体现）
– endanger(V.使处于危险之中)
• Before adjectives to form verbs
– enable
– enrich
– enlarge
– endear使受喜爱
– ensure担保
9. Conversion prefixes
prefixes
examples
a-
astride
be-
becalm
en-
enlarge
em-
empower
10. Miscellaneous prefixes
(1)
auto
biography
mobile
suggest
10. Miscellaneous prefixes
(2)
neo
classicism
impressionism
natal
2. Suffixation
• Question:
• Why is the classification of suffixes different from
the classification of prefixes?
– Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification
of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic
role and their primary function are to change the
grammatical function of the base.
– Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and
suffixes on a grammatical basis
Types of suffixes
•
•
•
•
Noun suffixes
Adjective suffixes
Verb suffixes
Adverbs suffixes
Noun suffixes
•
•
•
•
De-nominal noun suffixes
De-verbal noun suffixes
De-adjective noun suffixes
Noun and adjective suffixes
De-nominal Noun suffixes (1)
ster
Involved
in
game
gang
song
De-nominal Noun suffixes(2)
eer
Skilled in；
engaged in
profit
mountain
auction
De-nominal Noun suffixes (3)
ful
spoon
hand
mouth
De-verbal Noun suffixes (1)
ant
Occupation and
participation;
inhabit
contest
inform
De-verbal Noun suffixes (2)
ing
bathe
paint
build
De-adjective Noun suffixes (1)
ness
selfish
useful
kind
De-adjective Noun suffixes (2)
ity
rapid
crude
odd
De-adjective Noun suffixes (2)
ity
rapid
crude
odd
Noun and adjective suffixes
• Some suffixes, when added to bases related
to human beings or nationality names, yield
words that can be used both as nouns and
adjectives.
• -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese
• -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian
• -ist: racist, socialist
• -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite
1.1 Noun suffixes
suffixes
-ster
-eer
meaning
person engaged in an
occupation or activity
examples
gamester
mountaineer
-er(or)
driver
-ant
inhabitant
-let
small, unimportant
booklet,
-ette
small; imitation; female
-ess
female
cigarette, leatherette,
usherette
hostess
1.1 Noun suffixes
suffixes
meaning
examples
-hood
status
childhood
-ship
condition
dictatorship
-dom
realm
officialdom
-ing
state
bathing
-ful
amount
handful
-tion
state
oppression
Verb suffixes (1)
-ify
make,
endow
with
ample
diverse
simple
Verb suffixes (2)
ize
involving
or
related to
popular
legal
hospital
Verb suffixes (4)
ate
Give or
make or
become
valid
origin
hydrogen
Adjective suffixes
• De-nominal adjective suffixes
• De-verbal adjective suffixes
De-nominal Adjective suffixes (1)
like
child
tiger
statesman
De-nominal Adjective suffixes (2)
less
child
speech
hope
De-nominal Adjective suffixes (4)
y
meat
silk
leaf
hair
water
De-verbal Adjective suffixes (1)
able (ible)
drink
change
convince
De-verbal Adjective suffixes (2)
ful
forget
hope
thank
Adjective Suffixes
suffixes
meaning
examples
-ful
full of
hopeful
-less
without
meaningless
-ly
having the quality of friendly
-like
like
childlike
-y
somewhat like
silky
Adjective Suffixes
suffixes
meaning
examples
-ish
somewhat like
foolish
-some
causing
troublesome
-able
capable
changeable
-ed
having
moneyed
-al
typical of
regional
Adjective Suffixes
suffixes
meaning
examples
-ary (ory)
connected with
imaginary
-esque
like
picturesque
-ous
full of
malicious
-ic
typical of
dramatic
-ive
having the quality of
attractive
Adverb suffixes (1)
ly
attentive
happy
bold
Adverb suffixes (2)
ward (s)
on
back
earth
home
Adverb Suffixes
suffixes
meaning
examples
-ly
in a …manner
attentively
-ward
direction of movement
homeward
-fold
times
hundredfold
-wise
in the manner of
crabwise
as far as…is concerned weatherwise
4.2 Compounding
复合法
1. The definition of compounding and
compound
2. Characteristics of compounds
•
•
•
•
Phonological features
Semantic features
Grammatical features
Orthographical features
3. Formation of Compounds
– Noun compounds
– Adjective compounds
– Verb compounds
• Through conversion: nickname; first-name
• Through backformation: lip-reading
to lip-read
chain-smoker to chain-smoke
4.3 Conversion
转化法
Question:
• What is conversion? Why is it called zeroderivation?
– change of word-class; functional shift
– derivation process without the addition of an
affix
Types of Conversion
• Conversion to Nouns
• Conversion to Verbs
• Conversion to Adjectives
 Words produced by conversion are primarily
nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the
conversion between nouns and verbs are the
most productive.
4.3.1 Conversion to nouns
• De-verbal
• De-adjectival
• Miscellaneous conversion
1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词）
• Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs
can be used as nouns， which are semantically
related to the original verbs in various ways.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire)
Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in)
Result of the action (catch; find, answer)
Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore)
Tool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap)
Place of the action (pass; walk; divide)
2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词
Full conversion完全转换:
1. A noun fully converted from an adjective has all
the characteristics of nouns.
2. It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate
singular or plural number.
Partial conversion 部分转换
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not
possess all the qualities a noun does.
They must be used together with definite articles as
nouns while retaining some of the adjective features.
The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or
superlative degrees.
Words in this category generally denote a group of the
kind.
3). Miscellaneous conversion
其他类型的转换
• Nouns converted from other classes as
conjunctions,
modals,
finite
verbs,
prepositions, etc.
Conversion to verbs
• The use of the verb converted is both
economical and vivid.
• Three kinds of conversion to verbs
① Denominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the
baby
② De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age.
③ Miscellaneous conversion: The students tuttut the idea.
Conversion to adjectives
• It occurs mostly between nouns and
adjectives.
Assignment
• Questions and Tasks on P93-96