Transcript Pronoun: a word used in place of one or more nouns. We use

PRONOUNS
Pronoun: a word used in place of
one or more nouns.
We use pronouns to refer to a noun (also called an
antecedent) that comes before the pronoun.
example: Natalie feels she can win the race.
(^Antecedent)
(^Pronoun)
example: Terry and Jim know that they are best friends.
(^Antecedents^)
(^Pronoun)
Several types of pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns: refer to people and things
~ First person – the person who is speaking
~ Second person – the person spoken to
~ Third person – anyone or anything else
Singular
Plural
First Person
I, my, mine, me
we, our, ours, us
Second Person
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
Third Person
he, his, him, she, her
they, their, theirs, them
Examples:
I went to the mall.
Joey, can you see the bus?
Bob saw us do the assignment.
2. Reflexive Pronouns: when the ending –self or
–selves is added to a personal pronoun.
Examples: himself, herself, themselves, yourself,
yourselves
Example:
I found it myself.
(Personal Pronoun)
(Reflexive Pronoun)
*Note: hisself and theirselves are not real words!
3. Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a question
Example: who, whom, whose, which
4. Demonstrative Pronoun: points out a specific
person or thing
Example: this, that, these, those
v Personal Pronoun
Example: Zach, is this yours?
^Demonstrative
5. Relative Pronoun:
- a pronoun that introduces a relative clause.
- called a “relative” pronoun because it
relates to the word it refers to.
Five Relative Pronouns:
•Who: used for people
•Whom: used for people
•Whose: used for possession
•Which: used for things
•That: used for people/things
Examples:
1. The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
2. The visitor for whom you are waiting has arrived.
3. The book whose author won a Pulitzer prize has
become a best seller.
4. The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which
came as a surprise to critics.
5. The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently
closed.
Indefinite Pronouns: does not refer to a particular
person or thing and usually does not have an
antecedent.
Examples of Indefinite Pronouns:
•All
•Another
•Any
•Anybody
•Anyone
•Anything
•Both
•Each
•Either
•Everybody
•Everyone
•Everything
•More
•Most
•Much
•Neither
•Nobody
•None
•No one
•One
•Other
•Several
•Some
•Somebody
•Someone
Example:
All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.
Ava gave that book to someone but didn’t get it back.
During my trip to the mall, I did not see anyone I knew.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective refers to a noun or a pronoun and answers
the questions:
•What kind?
•Which one(s)?
•How many?
•How much?
Examples:
Dylan read an interesting story.
The recent article has information.
Olive owns those surfboards.
Josh paid fifty dollars for that.
(What kind of story?)
(Which article?)
(Which surfboards?)
(How many dollars?)
A, an, the
•the most commonly used adjectives
•sometimes referred to as articles
•A – used before words that start with a consonant
example: a joke, a tiger, a notebook
•An – used before words that start with a vowel
example: an opera, an alligator, an echo
•The – can be used before any word
example: the ball, the octopus, the zebra
An adjective can come before or after the noun it
describes:
Tired and hungry, the campers finally reached the lodge.
The campers, tired and hungry, finally reached the lodge.
(What kind of campers?)
Tall players and intelligent coaches were interviewed by
the interested reporter.
Which players? Which coaches? What kind of reporter?
Types of adjectives:
•proper adjective - formed from a proper noun.
Example:
Italian bread, Herculean strength, Midas touch,
Canadian sunset
•compound adjective - a word composed of two or
more words. Sometimes these words are hyphenated.
Example:
landmark decision
black-and-blue mark
hometown hero
QUESTION 1: When is a word a noun? When is a word an
adjective?
Example:
The magazine article applauded the students’ efforts in the
charity drive. (Magazine is an adjective that describes which
article.)
The article about the students’ efforts in the charity drive
was in the magazine . (Here magazine is a noun since it is
the name of a thing and does not describe anything.)
QUESTION 2: When is a word a pronoun? When is a word
an adjective?
These demonstrative pronouns can be used as adjectives:
that, these, this, and those.
These interrogative pronouns can be used as adjectives:
what and which.
These indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives: all,
another, any, both, each, either, few, many, more, most,
neither, other, several, and some.
Example:
This problem is difficult. (This – adjective; answers the
question, Which problem?)
This is difficult. (This – pronoun; takes the place of a noun
and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)
VERBS
Three types of verbs:
Action
Linking
Helping
Action Verbs
An action verb tells what action is being
performed.
Examples:
My father delivers packages to department stores.
Sofyan bowled a perfect game last night.
Turn at the next corner, Libby.
Kamryn will help Madison with the project.
Linking Verbs
Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect
the subject of the verb to additional information
about the subject.
Example:
Teri
is hungry.
Subject of the
Sentence
Linking verb
Additional
info about the
subject
True Linking Verbs:
is
are
was
were
been
being
am
Sometimes Linking
Verbs:
appear
become
feel
grow
look
remain
seem
smell
sound
stay
taste
turn
PRACTICE:
Sylvia tasted the stew.
The stew tasted good.
I smell the delicious aroma of a pizza.
The pizza smells heavenly.
REVIEW
In the following sentences, underline the verb and decide if it is an action
or linking verb. Justify your answer under the sentence.
Example:
Soren looked for his wallet.
Hayley looked confused.
“Looked” is an action verb in the first sentence because Soren is actually looking for his
wallet. It is an action. In the second sentence, Hayley is not actually looking - the verb is
being used to link Hayley to more information about her.
Parker grew tired during the long concert.
Natalie grew tomatoes in her garden.
I feel confused in science class.
I feel a penny on the bottom of the pool.
Helping (Auxillary) Verbs
*A helping verb assists the main verb.
*Can be more than one helping verb in a sentence.
*In a question, the helping verb is usually separated from the main
verb.
Common helping verbs are:
am
may
Is
must
has
are
might
had
was
can
have
were
could
do
be
shall
does
been
will
did
being
would
Example:
The members are going to the city tomorrow evening.
Are the members going to the city tomorrow evening?
Practice:
That joke has been heard around the office.
Has the joke been heard around the office?
Her brothers are leaving for the train.
Will her brothers leave for the train?
QUICK!
You have 3 minutes to list as many action,
linking and helping verbs as you can. Make
sure to have three separate lists!
I’ll give you a head start:
Action
swimming
Linking
is
Helping
are
ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that describes a
verb, adjective or another adverb.
-often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions
something happens or happened
-usually end in –ly
Examples:
Jack ate quickly. (How did Jack eat?)
Herman easily lifted the barbell. (How did Herman lift it?)
Cameron will eat soon. (When will Cameron eat?)
An adjective
describes a
NOUN or
PRONOUN.
Adjective or Adverb?
An adverb
describes a VERB,
ADJECTIVE or
ADVERB.
1. Helen has a yearly membership at the gym.
2. Helen contributes yearly.
3. Mike arrived late.
4. The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket.
5. The baby quickly grabbed its’ bottle.
6. The baby cried loudly.
7. Madison took her medicine daily.