Transcript From collocation to colligation

类联接
From collocation to colligation
Jiajin XU
Beijing Foreign Studies University
Key points
• Colligation
• From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• Aspects of English colligation
• From Firth to Hoey
• Colligator: A colligation query tool
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Colligation: From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• Both collocation and colligation tell about the cooccurrence or co-selection.
decision
NN1
NN1
decision
• Firth
182)L1sees
collocation
asR3
‘actual
VV0
L5
L4 (1957:
L3
R1
make
L5
L4
L3
R1
R3 R4
R4 R5R5
words in habitual company’, and colligation as
‘the interrelation of grammatical categories in
syntactical structure’ (ibid: 183).
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Colligation: From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• E.g. ‘I watched him’
• a [1st person sing. pron.] + [past tense of
a transitive verb] + [3rd person sing. pron.
in the objective form] (Firth 1957: 181).
• [Pron.] + [Verb] + [Pron.]
• Colligation is also applied to phrases
or words (Baker et al. 2006: 36).
• E.g. the word window tends to colligate
with prepositions.
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• Firth (1957): Interrelation between
grammatical categories
↓
Once upon a time, in conclusion, the paper examines…
• Hoey (2005): Textual colligation
• Lexico-grammar categories are colligated with
textual positions.
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Colligation research: an overview
• Colligational patterns can be summarised
by looking at concordance lines.
• Free hand and Naked eye
• More often, colligation can be studied with
PoS-tagged texts.
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Colligation research: an overview
•
•
Relevant studies
1. Tag sequences/POSgrams & overall patterning:
•
•
(Aarts & Granger, 1998; Tono, 1999; Hunston & Francis,
2000; 濮建忠, 2003b);
2. Focusing on a particular word class, e.g. verb
•
(e.g. Francis, Hunston & Manning, 1996,1998; Mindt,
1995, 2002; 濮建忠，2003a; 孙海燕, 2004; 孙海燕、陈
永捷, 2006);
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Colligation research: an overview
•
3. Focusing on a specialised category,
•
•
•
•
•
e.g. Biber & Reppen (1998) on complement clause,
Gabrielatos (2007) on if conditional,
张军、李文中 (2004) on verb noun colligation, and
梁茂成 (2008) on modal sequences.
4. Hoey (2002): Textual colligation
•
•
•
•
as a special kind of lexical priming (see also Hoey & O’Donnell
2008. )
He argues that some lexis has a preference for certain textual
functions.
Time nouns (e.g. years, days) tend to appear at the beginning
part of a text.
“It is reported” structure
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The case of ‘I think’
SO
I think
NP + VP
THAT + NP + VP
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• This poses a question as to whether we
can examine the different layers of
colligational pattern of expressions like “I
think” all at a time.
• This is the primary motivation of our
colligation tool—Colligator.
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Lexico-grammatical choice & chain
Parachoice
• By doing so, we have actually
expanded our
observation of syntagmatic patterning to
both syntagmatic and paradigmatic
SO
patterning.
I think
NP + VP
THAT + NP + VP
chain
Syn-
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Tasks
• China in the media: A colligation analysis
• It is ADJ that: A CIA design
• Modal colligation of CN EFL learners
• A quasi-replication of Liang’s study
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References
Aarts, J. & S. Granger. 1998. Tag sequences in learner corpora: A key to interlanguage grammar
and discourse. In S. Granger (ed.). Learner English on Computer. London: Longman.
Baker, P., A. Hardie & A. McEnery. 2006. A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Biber, D., & R. Reppen. 1998. Comparing native and learner perspectives on English grammar: A
study of complement clauses. In Granger, S. (ed.). Learner English on Computer. London:
Longman, 145-158.
Firth, J. 1957/1968. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930-55. Studies in linguistic analysis (Special
Volume of the Philological Society), 1957. Reprinted in F. Palmer. Selected Papers of J. R.
Firth 1952-59. London and Harlow: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 168-205.
Francis, G., S. Hunston & E. Manning. 1996. Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs.
London: HarperCollins.
Francis, G., S. Hunston & E. Manning. 1998. Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 2: Nouns and
Adjectives. London: HarperCollins.
Gabrielatos, C. 2007. If-conditionals as modal colligations: A corpus-based investigation. In M.
Davies, P. Rayson, S. Hunston & P. Danielsson (eds.). Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics
Conference: Corpus Linguistics 2007. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
Hoey, M. & M. O’Donnell. 2008. Lexicography, grammar, and textual position. International Journal
of Lexicography 21: 293-309.
Hoey, M. 2002. Textual colligation: A special kind of lexical priming. In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg
(eds.). Language and Computers, Advances in Corpus Linguistics. Papers from the 23rd
International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME
23), Göteborg 22-26 May 2002. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 171-194.
Hunston, S. & G. Francis. 2000. Pattern Grammar: A Corpus-driven Approach to the Lexical
Grammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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References
Mindt, D. A corpus-based grammar for ELT. In B. Kettleman & G. Marko (eds.).
Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002.
Mindt, D. 1995. An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb: Modal Verbs. Berlin:
Cornelsen,.
Tono, Y. 1999. A corpus-based analysis of interlanguage development: Analysing partof-speech tag sequences of EFL learner corpora. In B. LewandowskaTomaszczyk & P. Melia (eds.). PALC’99: Practical Applications in Language
Corpora. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 323-340.
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Thank You!
Xu Jiajin