Transcript Grammar in Context 2

Grammar in Context 2
Chapter 4
Subjects, Objects, Possessive Forms,
Reflexive Pronouns
Parts of Speech Terms
Parts of Speech
• Subject – The subject is the part of the sentence
or clause that explains (a) what the
sentence/clause is about, or (b) who or what
performs the action.
• Verb – describe the action or indicates the state
of being.
• Object – the who or what that receives the action
of the verb
• Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun
or noun phrase.
Pronouns
Subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
Object
me
you
him
her
it
us
them (people & things)
Possessive Nouns
(spelling rules)
Singular = noun + ‘s
-s Plural = noun + s’
Irregular Plural = noun + ‘s
The mom’s job
The cat’s toy
The school’s library
The parents’ car
The girls’ bedroom
The guests’ towels
The women’s dresses
The people’s tickets
The children’s toys
(grammar rules)
Names that end in
“s” add ‘s or ‘
Possessive for
people & living
things
Non-living things
Don’t use articles
use “of”
with possessives.
The ____ of _____.
Charles’ or
Charles’s
My father’s laptop
The name of the
town is …..
X My mother’s the
bag
My mother’s bag
Possessive Adjectives
• We use possessive adjectives to show who
owns the item (noun)
Subject Pronoun
Possessive Adjective Example
I
My
I like my new car.
You
Your
You put on your pretty dress.
He
His
He is busy riding his fast motorcycle.
She
Her
She is looking for her pearl necklace.
It
Its
The store is celebrating its 3rd year.
We
Our
We are waiting for our son’s girlfriend.
They
Their
The Wilsons are waiting for their boys.
Possessive Adjectives -- Simple Mistakes
Sounding like Pronoun & “to be”
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Homonym (sound alike) errors
He’s and his sound alike – be careful. He’s = he is, his = the
man’s …..
It’s and its sound the same but are very different. It’s = it is
and many Canadians often make the mistake and try to use it
as a possessive adjective but it isn’t the possessive. “Its” is
the possessive showing ownership.
They’re and their. They’re = they are. Their shows who owns
it.
You’re and your. You’re = you are. Your shows who owns it.
More Rules – Possessive Adjectives
• Don’t use an article “the” with possessives
– My the cat’s toy is lost.
My cat’s toy is lost.
– The my sister’s friend is nice. My sister’s friend is nice.
• You can use several possessive nouns
together to show exact ownership.
– My boss’ daughter’s new car is parked outside.
– John’s mother’s second husband is quite nice.
Direct and Indirect Objects
• A noun is a person, place or thing.
• A subject is the doer of the action (usually the
noun at the beginning of the sentence before the
verb).
• The direct object receives the action of the verb.
The direct object is a noun and often comes after
the verb.
• The indirect object tells for whom the action is
done and who receives the action. The indirect
object is the noun that comes before the direct
object in the sentence.
Nouns – Parts of Speech (Subject,
Indirect Object, Direct Object)
• John lent me his new car.
• Mrs. Sampson is busy writing Jason a late slip.
The Verbs -- Tell & Say
• These two verbs have the same meaning but
are used very differently.
• We “say” something (subject verb direct
object)
– Harold said the answer.
• We “tell” someone something (subject verb
indirect object direct object)
– Harold told his teacher the answer.
Tell
• We use tell with an infinitive verb.
– Harold told his friends to wait for the bus.
Some idiom expressions for “tell” that don’t need an
indirect object
tell the truth
tell a lie
tell a story
tell a secret
tell time
tell about something
Question Words – Who, Whom, When,
Why, What, Which, How
• Wh questions usually have the auxiliary verb do,
does, did. But when we ask about the subject of the
sentence you don’t use an auxiliary verb.
Who throws the rice? (The guests throw the rice)
Why did the guests give money? (The guests give the couple money to help them start
their new life)
How many guests gave money? (Most guests gave money)
When do they try to catch the bouquet? (The unmarried women try to catch the
bouquet at the end of the dinner)
Which women try to catch the bouquet? (the unmarried women try to catch the
bouquet)
When does the bride throw the bouquet? (the bride throws the bouquet at the end of
the dinner)
Who & Whom
(see text page 91 – 92 for full details)
• In spoken conversation many Canadians use
“who” when they mean “who” and when they
mean “whom”
• In Canada for formal language to show respect
and when writing a formal essay it is still best
to use “whom” correctly.
• Whom points to the person that receives the
action
– Whom does the groom kiss? He kisses the bride.
Reflexive Pronouns
• Myself, yourself (singular), himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves (plural), themselves
• Reflexive pronouns can be direct or indirect objects
• Idiom – “all by …self” means to do something alone – I did
it all by myself, he did it all by himself.
• Idiom – help yourself (you may start)
• Idiom – make yourself at home (feel like my home is your
home, don’t wait for me, just do what you need e.g. open a
cupboard in the kitchen to get a glass for a drink of water—
don’t wait to ask me to get a glass)
• Use reflexive pronouns to add emphasis after the noun it
refers to
– Even Mr. Jones himself doesn’t know the answer to that
question.
Grammar Exercises
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Exercise 1, answers only
Exercise 2, answers only
Exercise 3, #1 – 7 write the full sentence
Exercise 4, #1 – 3
Exercise 5 – 12 answers only
Exercise 15, all
Exercise 16, #1 – 4
Exercise 17 & 18 answers only
Exercise 20 & 21 answers only