Transcript Grammar Review

GRAMMAR
REVIEW
(FOR THE FINAL EXAM)
OUR MAIN FOCUSES TODAY:
• Subject-Verb Agreement in Literature
• Noun-Pronoun Agreement
• Semicolons
• Colons
• Quotations
• Adverbs
• Appositives
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN
LITERATURE
The rule: if it happened in the past in our universe
(a real historical event) it must be written in the
past tense. If it is an event that happened in the
story, it must be written in the present tense (as a
story makes all moments immortal because you can
turn to that page at any moment and find that
event is still occurring).
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN LITERATURE
• Example:
Past tense (our universe); In the 1920’s, people
spent recklessly.
Present tense (book universe): In The Great
Gatsby, the characters spend recklessly.
EXAMPLE
• In Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, one of the main
characters never lose faith in the dream, but the
other lost his faith entirely.
Becomes:
• In Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, one of the main
characters never loses faith in the dream, but the
other loses his faith entirely.
NOUN-PRONOUN AGREEMENT
•The rule: If a noun starts as a plural, the
pronoun that replaces it later must also be
plural. If a noun starts as a singular, the
pronoun that replaces it later must also be
singular.
NON-PRONOUN AGREEMENT
• When the judge questioned the girls, no one
wanted to incriminate herself by confessing.
EXAMPLE
• The characters in Alexie’s Smoke Signals show, in
his own way, that dishonesty can undermine a
relationship.
Becomes
• The characters in Alexie’s Smoke Signals show, in
their own way, that dishonesty can undermine a
relationship.
SEMICOLON
•The rule: if two sentences can stand on
their own, but are closely connected, they
may be joined by a semicolon.
SEMICOLON
• The sun shower came on suddenly it was so
beautiful, she had to stop and admire it.
Becomes
• The sun shower came on suddenly; it was so
beautiful, she had to stop and admire it.
EXAMPLE
• Henry David Throeau did not insist that people give up all
comforts, instead he said that people should reduce their
possessions to only necessary items.
Becomes
• Henry David Throeau did not insist that people give up all
comforts; instead he said that people should reduce their
possessions to only necessary items.
COLON
•The rule: you must use a colon when
you are starting a list.
COLON
• While she was packing for her trip, she took care
not to forget three things in particular: her
passport, her international cell phone, and her
guidebook.
EXAMPLE
• Arthur Miller’s The Crucible teaches us several things about human
nature we are subject to herd mentality most people will give up
their integrity to preserve their lives and it is easy to miscarry
justice if we believe our cause is just.
Becomes
• Arthur Miller’s The Crucible teaches us several things about human
:
nature we are subject to herd mentality most people will give up
their integrity to preserve their lives and it is easy to miscarry
justice if we believe our cause is just
QUOTATIONS
•The rule: After a character speaks
(directly), you must separate your language
from the speaker’s with a comma. Every
time you begin a new quotation, the first
letter must be capitalized.
QUOTATIONS
Brian said, “Hey! I thought quotations didn’t’ have commas
before them!”
“That’s sometimes true,” said Miss I, “But when someone is
talking the rules change.”
Brian rolled his eyes and said, “That’s dumb.”
“Tell me about it,” replied Miss I.
EXAMPLE
• In The Great Gatsby, Tom Buchanan says “an Oxford
Man! then he cries like hell he is!”
Becomes
• In The Great Gatsby, Tom Buchanan says, “an Oxford
Man!” Then he cries, “Like hell he is!”
ADVERBS
•The rule:Whenever you are describing a verb
(any action) you must use an adverb rather
than an adjective, as adjectives are only used
when describing nouns.
ADVERBS
• When reviewing for their exam the students
grinned tired—only a few more days!
Becomes
• When reviewing for their exam the students
grinned tiredly—only a few more days!
EXAMPLE
• The people of Salem looked at Abby grateful at first
because they thought she was trying to help the town.
Becomes
• The people of Salem looked at Abby gratefully at first
because they thought she was trying to help the town.
APPOSITIVES
•The rule: when you include extra information,
you must separate that information by using
commas when it is most relevant. (Rearrange
the sentences accordingly)
APPOSITIVES
• Martha Corey Giles Corey’s wife denied any
involvement with witchcraft.
Becomes
• Martha Corey, Giles Corey’s wife, denied any
involvement with witchcraft.
EXAMPLES
• Several Hollywood employees were willing to turn in their
“communist” friends to escape the blacklist but others refused to
give names at the price of their jobs such as Charlie Chaplin and
Pete Seeger.
Becomes
• Several Hollywood employees were willing to turn in their
“communist” friends to escape the blacklist but others, such as
Charlie Chaplin and Pete Seeger, refused to give names
at the price of their jobs.
HOMEWORK FOR FRIDAY:
•Finish this grammar packet for practice!