Transcript File - The Penn Latin Project

Grammar Review 2:
Case-functions and case-takers
1. Case-functions
2. Case-takers
3. Exercises with answer key
2. Case-functions: GENITIVE
of characteristic
• nōn est lictōris
consilium dare (it is
not characteristic
of/the role of a
lictor to dispense
advice)
of (indefinite) value
• tua dōna magnī
habeō (I hold your
gifts [to be] of great
value)
of possession
• hōrum praeda (these
men’s plunder)
partitive
• sex pastōrum (six of
the shepherds)
• vestrum prīmus (the
first among you)
• nihil novī (nothing
new)
GENITIVE
of description
• armillās magnī
ponderis (bracelets
of significant weight)
subjective
• senātōrum spēs (the
senators’
hope/optimism)
objective
• asylī spēs (hope for
refuge)
2. Case-functions: DATIVE
of agent (with
passive
periphrastic)
• arx est vōbīs
occupanda (the
citadel must be
seized by you)
with intransitive or
compound verb
• virgō Ascaniō nūbit
(the maiden
marries/wears the
veil for Ascanius)
• Tarpēius praeerat
nōbīs (Tarpeius was
in charge of us)
of indirect object
• fīliam Aenēae in
mātrimōnium
dedimus (we gave our
daughter in marriage
to Aeneas)
DATIVE
of disadvantage
• omnia bona nostra
nōbīs rapta sunt (all
our goods have been
seized from us).
of possessor
• est mihi scūtum aureum
(I have a golden shield)
• illī oppidō nōmen erat
Rōma (that town had the
name Rome)
of purpose (and double
dative)
• hoc pecus tibi dōnō
damus (we give this
cattle to you as a gift)
of reference/advantage
• mihi haec rēs facta est
nova sed grāta (to me this
thing came about
unexpected but welcome).
2. Case-functions: ACCUSATIVE
of supine,
expressing
purpose:
• ad stagnum lūnam
vīsum adit (he
comes to the pool
to see the moon)
(see also
time &
place)
of body part with
middle verb
• bracchia aegrē
parātur (he is
scarcely prepared
in his arms)
of respect
• mōrēs tuos mox
corrumpēris (you will
soon be corrupted in
your character)
of direct object
• Amūlium
occīdunt (they
kill Amulius)
ACCUSATIVE
of exclamation
• ō urbem
opulentam (o
what a wealthy
city!)
double
accusative
• fīliōs dōnum
ōrant (they ask
the sons for a
gift)
subject of infinitive
• eōs iubeō vincīrī (I order
them to be bound)
• dīcunt eum impetum
facere (they say that he
is making an attack)
adverbial
• multum timent
(they are much
afraid)
• nihil convenimus
(we agree not at all)
2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE
of manner
• manibus sublātīs sē dēdunt
(they surrender themselves
with their arms raised)
of separation
• mox līberī bellō
eritis (soon you will
be free from war)
of personal agent
• ab Aenēā victus
est (he was
defeated by
Aeneas)
ABLATIVE I
of means (instrument)
• precibusne urbem dēfendis?
(you are defending the city
with prayers?)
of origin
• Rōmulum, deō
nātum (Romulus,
born from a god)
of accompaniment
• exercitū magnō ad nōs adit (he is
approaching us with a great
army)
2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE
(see also
time &
place)
of degree of
difference
• Amulius multō
benignior est
quam frāter
(Amulius is much
kinder than his
brother)
of comparison
quī rex est
Amuliō
benignior? (what
king is kindlier
than Amulius?)
of respect
• Rōma bonīs
exemplīs dītior est
(Rome is richer in
good examples)
• nātū maximus
(greatest in age)
ABLATIVE II
of description
• mulier multīs
virtūtibus (a woman
of many virtues)
of cause
• mātris precibus ex
urbe effugimus (we
flee from the city
because of our
mother’s pleas)
absolute
• pulsō frātre īrātī sunt
(when/because their
brother was expelled, they
got angry)
• mulieribus loquentibus
augurium recēpimus (while
the women were speaking
we received a bird omen)
• duce Rōmulō nihil timēmus
(with Romulus our leader,
we do not fear at all)
2. Case-functions: TIME & SPACE
ablative of time
within which
• brevī tempore
erunt tibi geminī
fīliī (in a short
time you will have
twin sons)
ablative of time
when
• decimō annō
pulsus est (in the
tenth year he was
pushed out)
accusative of
duration of time
• ipse tantum duōs
annōs regnāvit (he
himself reigned for
only two years)
accusative of extent
of space
• mūrus trēcentōs
pedēs longus (a wall
three-hundred feet
long)
TIME &
SPACE
accusative of motion
toward (cities, towns,
small islands)
• omnēs effugiunt
Rōmam (everyone
flees to Rome)
• cf. domum, rūs
ablative of motion from
(cities, towns, small
islands)
• Lāvīniō omnēs recēdunt
(everyone pulls back from
Lavinium)
• cf. domō, rūre
locative (cities, towns, small islands)
• iamdiū Rōmae/Carthāgine nullī philosophi
sunt (for a long time now there have been no
philosophers in Rome/Carthage)
• cf. domī, humī, rūrī
2. Case-takers with accusative
Prepositions
Prepositions
Prepositions
ad
to, towards
in
into, onto; against
prope
near
adversus
towards, against
inter
between, among
propter
because of
ante
before, in front of
intrā
inside
secundum
alongside,
following
apud
among, with, near,
at the house of
iuxtā
next to
sub
ob
on account of
(to) under,
beneath
per
through
super
(to) over, above,
on top of
post
after, behind
trāns
across
praete
r
except, besides
ultrā
on the other side
of
circā/
circum
cis/citrā
contrā
around
on this side of
against
ergā
(feelings) toward
extrā
outside of
2. Case-takers with ablative
Prepositions
ab/ā
away from; by
cum
with; pariter cum …; ūnā cum …
dē
down from; about, concerning
ex/ē
out of, from
in
in, on
prō
in front of; on behalf of; instead of
sine
without
sub
under, beneath
super
over, above, on top of
Adjectives
dignus
worthy (of)
frētus
relying (upon)
līber
free (from)
orbus
deprived (of); childless
vacuus
empty (of)
plēnus
full (of)
2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)
Verbs
careō, carēre, caruī, (caritūrus)
be without, lack
fruor, fruī, fructus sum
enjoy
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum
rejoice, be glad; delight (in)
nītor, nītī, nixus sum
support oneself, lean (upon)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum
get hold of, acquire
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum
use
vehor, vehī, vectus sum
be carried upon, drive
mālō, mālle, māluī
prefer, want more (to, + infin.) (than, + abl. of comparison)
2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)
Impersonal expressions
interest/rēfert
it is important, it matters, it concerns
e.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to see
e.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my friend to see
opus est, esse, fuit
there is a need, I need
e.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I
need money);
e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere I need to sell my horse
2. Case-takers with genitive
“Postpositions”
causā/
grātiā
iniussū
iussū
for the sake of, because of (with
preceding gen.)
Adjectives
cupidus
desirous (of)
dissimilis
unlike, different (to, +
gen./dat.)
similis
like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)
without the command of
by command of
Verbs
—, —, meminī, meminisse, —
I remember
oblīviscor, obliviscī, oblītus sum
forget
2. Case-takers with genitive (cont.)
Impersonal expressions
interest/rēfert
it is important, it matters, it concerns
e.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my
friend to see
e.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to
see
Verbs of feeling, with person feeling in
acc. and object of feeling in gen. or infin.:
miseret, miserēre, miseruit
it pities;
e.g. mē miseret fīliōrum (gen.) I feel pity for the sons
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit
it pains (I regret)
piget, pigēre, piguit
it disgusts (I feel abohorrence)
pudet, pudēre, puduit
it shames (I am ashamed)
taedet, taedēre, —
it bores (I am bored)
2. Case-takers with dative
Adjectives
inimīcus
unfriendly, hostile (to)
dissimilis
unlike, different (to, + gen./dat.)
similis
like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)
pār, paris
equal (to)
proximus
near (to)
Impersonal expressions
licet
it is permitted (for someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)
placet
it is pleasing (to someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)
opus est, esse, fuit
there is a need, I need
e.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I need
money)
e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere there is need to me/I need to sell my horse
2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)
Compound verbs
adsum, adesse, adfuī
be present, near; be of service to (+ dat.)
afferō (adferō), afferre, attulī, allātus
bring to (+ dat.); cause
dēsum, deesse, dēfuī
be wanting, be missing (to, + dat.)
inferō, inferre, intulī, illātus
bring in, introduce; inflict (on, + dat.)
obeō, obīre, obiī
go to meet, encounter (+ dat.); meet death, die
offerō (obferō), offerre, obtulī, oblātus
offer, bring forward (to, + dat.)
praeferō, praeferre, praetulī, praelātus
carry before; prefer (to, + dat.)
praestō, praestare, praestitī, —
excel, stand ahead of (+ dat.); give, furnish
praesum, praeesse, praefuī
be ahead, superior; in charge (of, + dat.)
resistō, resistere, restitī, —
resist, oppose (+ dat.); take a stand
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsus
answer, reply; correspond to (+ dat.)
2. Case-takers With dative
Intransitive verbs
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus
go, withdraw; yield (to, + dat.)
crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus
believe, trust (+ dat.)
faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautus
favor, be favorable to (+ dat.)
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum
trust, confide (in, + dat.)
imperō
command, order (+ dat. of person)
ignoscō, ignoscere, ignōvī, ignōtus
forgive (+ dat.)
īrascor, īrascī, īrātus sum
grow angry, be angry (at, + dat.)
2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)
Intransitive verbs (cont.)
noceō, nocēre, nocuī, (nocitūrus)
harm, be harmful to (+ dat.)
nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, nuptus
marry (with woman as subject) (+ dat.)
parcō, parcere, (pepercī), (parsus)
spare, refrain from (+ dat.)
pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, (paritūrus)
obey, be obedient to (+ dat.)
persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, (persuāsūrus) persuade (+ dat.)
placeō, placēre, placuī, (placitūrus)
please, be pleasing (+ dat.)
serviō, servīre, servīvī, servītus
serve, be subservient to (+ dat.)
3. Exercises Fill in the blank
English
Latin
1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make
peace.
nōn est iuven___ pācem facere.
2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s
son.
Lāvīni___ nōn licet rēgis fīli___ nūbere.
3. All our friends have been corrupted on us.
nō___ omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.
4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat
in the meantime.
scūt___ āmiss___, interim recēdam.
5. Twelve of us will become priests.
6. Those women must find the mountains.
7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we
recognized that we had been conquered by the
gods.
8. Who surpasses you when it comes to
divination?
duodecim nostr___ sacerdōtēs fīēmus.
montēs ill___ mulier___ inveniendī sunt.
Vestāl___ effugitūr___ nōs ā d____ victōs esse
agnōvimus.
quis t___ auguri___ praeest?
3. Exercises Fill in the blank
English
Latin
1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make
peace.
nōn est iuvenis pācem facere.
2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s
son.
Lāvīniae nōn licet rēgis fīliō nūbere.
3. All our friends have been corrupted on us.
4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat
in the meantime.
5. Twelve of us will become priests.
6. Those women must find the mountains.
7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we
recognized that we had been conquered by the
gods.
8. Who surpasses you when it comes to
divination?
nōbīs omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.
scūtō āmissō, interim recēdam.
duodecim nostrum sacerdōtēs fīēmus.
montēs illī mulieribus inveniendī sunt. [or illīs
agreeing with mulieribus]
Vestālibus effugitūrīs nōs ā dīs victōs esse
agnōvimus.
quis tibi auguriō praeest?
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
Latin
9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything.
Alb___ Long___ omnia lictōr___ narrāvimus.
10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value
than gold.
dōna vestra plū___ aur___ habeō.
11. In your words you are great, but you do not
persuade me.
12. The twins found something dry.
verb___ vestr___ maximī estis, sed m___ nōn
persuādētis.
geminī invēnērunt aliquid sicc___.
13. Those women are not near the fortifications illae nōn prope moeni___ sunt sed proximae
but next to the river.
flūmin___.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
Latin
9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything.
Albae Longae omnia lictōribus narrāvimus.
10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value
than gold.
dōna vestra plūris aurō habeō.
11. In your words you are great, but you do not
persuade me.
12. The twins found something dry.
verbīs vestrīs maximī estis, sed mihi nōn
persuādētis. [or acc. verba vestra]
geminī invēnērunt aliquid siccī.
13. Those women are not near the fortifications illae nōn prope moenia sunt sed proximae
but next to the river.
flūminī.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
14. We are now free from death.
Latin
iam mort___ līberī sumus.
15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons.
prō aur___ tēla nō___ offerēbant.
16. These words may serve as advice for the
Trojans.
haec verba Trōiān___ sint consili___.
17. The bandits use their own hands.
18. We are hurrying to the countryside.
latrōnēs man___ su___ ūtuntur.
rū___ properāmus.
19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits.
bon___ consili___ ūsī latrōn___ ignoscunt.
20. They say that few mothers are present for
their children.
pauc___ mātr___ adesse līber___ s___ dīcunt.
21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys.
m___ taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgīt___.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
14. We are now free from death.
Latin
iam morte līberī sumus.
15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons.
prō aurō tēla nōn offerēbant.
16. These words may serve as advice for the
Trojans.
haec verba Trōiānīs sint consiliō.
17. The bandits use their own hands.
18. We are hurrying to the countryside.
latrōnēs manibus suīs ūtuntur.
rūs properāmus.
19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits.
bonō consiliō ūsī latrōnibus ignoscunt.
20. They say that few mothers are present for
their children.
paucās mātrēs adesse līberīs suīs dīcunt.
21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys.
mē taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgītūs.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
Latin
22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your
father.
m___ rēfert hoc tu___ patr___ narrāre.
23. We need a sign.
24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city.
25. We want to take counsel around the
neighboring cities.
26. I do not wish to disembark.
27. Let us wage war against the Romans.
28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to
this one.
opus est n____ sign___.
Rōma pauc___ ann___ opulenta erit.
consilium capere circā vīcīn___ urb___ volumus.
m___ nōn placet ēgredī.
bellum gerāmus in Rōmān___.
bellum gerāmus cum Rōmān___.
nusquam populum h___ similem invēnī.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English
Latin
22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your
father.
meā rēfert hoc tuō patrī narrāre.
23. We need a sign.
24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city.
25. We want to take counsel around the
neighboring cities.
26. I do not wish to disembark.
27. Let us wage war against the Romans.
28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to
this one.
opus est nōbīs signō.
Rōma paucīs annīs opulenta erit.
consilium capere circā vīcīnās urbēs volumus.
[alternate acc. form urbīs]
mihi nōn placet ēgredī.
bellum gerāmus in Rōmānōs.
bellum gerāmus cum Rōmānīs.
nusquam populum hūic similem invēnī. [or with
gen. huius]