Transcript past perfect

ENGLISH STRUCTURE & GRAMMAR
Ms Nawang Wulan
"a sentence must have a subject
and a verb"
S+V
LANGUAGE USAGE
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Parts of Speech
English Tenses
Modal Auxiliaries & Similar Expressions
Passive Voice
Gerunds and Infinitives
Singular and Plural
Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)
Direct – Indirect (Reported Speech)
Elliptic Construction
Connectors (Kata Penghubung)
Conjunctions (Kata Sambung)
Conditional Sentences
Causative
Preferences
PARTS OF SPEECH
Nouns
Pronouns
Interjections
Conjunctions
The Eight
Parts of
Speech
Verbs
Adjectives
Prepositions
Adverbs
Nouns
Pronouns
Name things
Namers
Rename things
Show action or link
Performers Verbs
words
Describe nouns and
Adjectives
pronouns
Describers
Describe verbs,
Adverbs
adjectives, adverbs
Join nouns, pronouns to
Prepositions
sentence
Connectors
Conjunctions Connect words
Exclaimers Interjections Show strong feeling
ENGLISH TENSES
The past was yesterday.
The present is now.
The future is tomorrow.
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE FUTURE
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
PAST FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
PAST FUTURE
PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PAST FUTURE
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
MODAL AUXILIARIES & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
e.g. He can speak Chinese.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in
Simple Present and Simple Past.
e.g. He should not be late.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or
the future tenses.
e.g. He will can go with us. Not Correct
She musted study very hard. Not Correct
Common Modal Verbs
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
Some expressions which are not modal verbs including had better, have to,
and have got to. These expressions are closely related to modals in meaning
and are often interchanged with them.
PASSIVE VOICE
Kalimat pasif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan,
sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan.
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:
1. Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang
predikatnya kata kerja/V)
2. Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah
kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita.
3. Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat.
Perubahan terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.
4. Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini
bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng
S P/V1 O
(Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri.
S
P/V3
(Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week.
(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week
Tenses
Active
Passive
Simple Present
Simple Past
S + V1
S + V2
S + am/is/are + V3
S + was/were + V3
Present Continuous
Present perfect continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
Past Futurre Continuous
Past Future Perfect Continu
S + am/is/are + V-ing
S + have/has + been + V-ing
S + was/were + V-ing
S + had + been + V-ing
S + will/shall + be + V-ing
S + will + have + V-ing
S + would + be + V-ing+
S +would +have+been+V-ing
S + am/is/are + being + V3
S + have/has +been + being +V3
S + was/were + being + V3
S + had + been + being + V3
S + will/shall + be + being + V3
S + will +have+been+ being +V3
S + would + be + being + V3
S +would+have+been+ being+V3
Simple Perfect
Past Perfect
S + have/has + V3
S + had + V3
S + have/has + been + V3
S + had + been + V3
Simple Future
Past Future
Modal (present)
Modal (past)
S + will/shall + V1
S + would/should + V1
S + may/can/must + V1
S + might/could/had to + V1
S + will/shall + be + V3
S + would/should + be + V3
S + may/can/must + be + V3
S + might/could/had to + be + V3
GERUND & INFINITIVE
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata
kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:
• Verb/ kata kerja sebagai subjek.
Swimming is a good sport.
• Verb sebagai complement/ pelengkap.
My hobby is cycling.
• Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.
I am sorry for coming late.
Before leaving, he said nothing.
• Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/
can’t bear, to be used to, get used to.
It is no use studying without practicing.
• Setelah possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, our, their, Amir’s, dll)
His staring frightens me.
• Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu
We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
admit
consider
enjoy
mind
recall
appreciate
avoid
finish
miss
regret
claim
delay
quit
postpone
report
can’t help
deny
resist
practice
recent
resume
risk
suggest
advise
resist
SINGULAR & PLURAL
singular
countable
regular
plural
nouns
irregular
uncountable
expressions of
quantity
used with count
nouns
used with
noncount nouns
Singular
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
who
whom
that
Relative
pronouns
which
Punctuation in
adjective clauses
whose
Adjective Clauses
when (on which)
where (in which)
DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct (kalimat langsung)
Indirect (kalimat tidak
langsung)
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Future
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Future
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct
Now
Today
Tomorrow
Next…
Last…
…ago
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Here
This
These
Indirect
Then
That day
The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
The… after
The following…
The…before
The previous …
…before
…earlier
The day before
The previous day
Two day before
There
That
those
CONNECTORS
Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu
kalimat. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
• Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.
–
–
–
–
–
We went home after the rain stopped.
I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.
I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.
While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.
I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.
• Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.
– I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.
– I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.
– Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.
• Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.
–
–
–
–
first, we must prepare the ingredients.
Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.
After that, we put them into frying pan.
Finally, we put some sauce and salt.
CONJUNCTIONS
Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk
menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata.
• Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or,
but, for, although/though, that, if, dll.
• Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:
 both…and… (…dan juga….)
 not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)
 either…or… (….maupun…)
 neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Future Conditional (type 1)
Present Conditional (type 2)
Past Conditional (type 3)
Kalimat yang diucapkan dan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya
tidak bertolak belakang.
Apa yang diucapkan, itulah
yang diharapkan.
Kemungkinan harapan
terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah
ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi
kalau syarat terpenuhi.
Kalimat yang diucapkan
bertolak belakang dengan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya
di masa sekarang. Kalau
kalimatnya (+), maka
makna/meaning-nya (-) dan
sebaliknya. Kemungkinan
harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini
adalah tidak ada (hanya
imajinasi saja).
Kalimat yang digunakan
untuk menyatakan
kewajiban/kegiatan yang
dilakukan dimasa lampau,
tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak
terpenuhi. Kalimat ini
diucapkan bertolak
belakang dengan kenyataan
yang sebenarnya di masa
lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+),
maka makna/meaning yang
disampaikan (-) dan
sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan
terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah
tidak ada (hanya imajinasi
saja)
If + simple present + simple
future/modal
If + simple past + past
future/modal
If + past perfect + past
future perfect/modal perfect
PREFERENCES
Menyukai A ketimbang B
1) S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing
- Dona prefers dancing to singing.
(Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)
2) S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing
- I like T.V better than radio.
- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.
3) S + would rather + V1 + than + V1
- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.
(Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)
4) S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1
- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.
(Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)
Elliptical Construction : handout page 46
Causative
: handout page 32
Question tag
: handout page 48