Transcript English_101_-_Sentence_Fundamentals_ - E

Grammar
Fundamentals
Learning Principle 1: you don't need a thorough
knowledge of formal English grammar to
become a good writer. However, knowing a
few basic grammatical terms should help you
understand some of the principles of good
writing.
Prinsip Belajar 1: anda tidak perlu pengetahuan
yang mendalam tentang tata bahasa Inggris
untuk menjadi penulis yang baik. Akan tetapi,
mengetahui sedikit istilah tata bahasa dasar
akan membantu anda memahami beberapa
prinsip menulis yang baik.
Grammar (Tata bahasa)



A set of rules and examples dealing with
the syntax and word structures (morphology)
of a language.
Terjemah: kumpulan aturan dan contoh
terkait sintaks (pengaturan kata-kata dalam
kalimat) dan struktur kata (struktur internal
dari kata-kata)
So, the job of the grammar is to organize
words into sentences in many different ways.
Basic Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Parts of Speech (Word Classes)
Subjects, Verbs, Objects
Adjective, Adverbs
Prepositional Phrase
Four Basic Sentence Structures
Coordination
Adjective Clauses
Appositives
Adverb Clauses
Participial Clauses
Absolute Phrases
Four Functional Types of Sentences
1.Part of Speech (Word Classes)
Nouns
Verbs
Open
Adjectives
Adverbs
Word Classes
Pronouns
Prepositions
Close
Conjunctions
Interjections
PART OF
SPEECH
noun
pronoun
verb
adjective
adverb
preposition
conjunction
interjection
BASIC FUNCTION
EXAMPLES
names a person, place,
pirate, Caribbean, ship, work
or thing (real / abstract)
takes the place of a
Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
noun
Object: me, you, him, her, it, us
identifies action or state
sing, dance, believe, be
of being
modifies a noun
hot, lazy, funny
modifies a verb,
adjective, or other
adverb
shows a relationship
between a noun (or
pronoun) and other
words in a sentence
joins words, phrases,
and clauses
expresses emotion
softly, lazily, often
up, over, against, by, for
and, but, or, yet
ah, whoops, ouch
Important notes: 1
Satu kata bisa masuk ke dalam word class yang
berbeda, tergantung letak dalam kalimat
Contoh:
 Bosco showed up for work two hours late.
[The noun ”work” is the thing Bosco shows up for.]
 He
will have to work until midnight.
[The verb ”work” is the action he must perform.]
 His
work permit expires next month.
[The adjective(attributive noun) ”work” modifies
the noun permit.]
2. Subject, Verb, Object
 Bagian-bagian
mendasar dari suatu kalimat
adalah Subject, Verb dan (seringkali, tapi
tidak selalu) Object
 Subject
biasanya adalah NOUN (kata yang
menamai orang, tempat atau sesuatu)
 Verb (Predicate) biasanya mengikuti Subject
dan menerangkan tindakan atau kondisi
yang ada
 Object menerima tindakan dan mengikuti
Verb. Object biasanya berupa NOUN atau
PRONOUN
Examples
The woman [S] built [V] a strong stone wall [O].
 The children [S] eat [V] buns, cakes, and biscuits [O].
 The professor [S] held up [V] an orange [O].
Variations
1. The boy [S] slept [V]
2. The man [S] hit [V] the ball [Direct Object]
3. The woman [S] went to [V] the house [Indirect Obj.]
4. The girl [S] gave [V] the book [DO] to her brother [IO]
5. They [S] thought that [V] he was crazy [Complement]
6. The boy [S] wanted to [V] leave [Complement]
7. The woman [S] told [V] the man [DO] to leave [Comp]
8. He [S] was [AuxiliaryVerb] mowing [V]the lawn [O]
9. The girl [S] was [Linking Verb] tall [Predicative
Adjective]
10. He [S] was [Linking Verb] a teacher [Predicative
Adjective]

Practice 1:
Pengenalan Subject and Verb




The sun rises (Matahari terbit)
The birds fly (Burung-burung itu terbang)
My daughter is a wrestler (Anak perempuan adalah
seorang pegulat)
The children are tired. (Anak-anak itu kecapaian)
Note:
1.
Dalam setiap kalimat di atas, subject-nya adalah NOUN.
2.
Verbs(predicate) di dua kalimat pertama--rises, fly–
menunjukkan tindakan dan menjawab pertanyaan “Apa
yang subject lakukan?
3.
Verbs(predicate) di dua kalimat terakhir --is, are–
disebut linking verbs karena mereka menghubungkan
subject dengan kata yang merubah namanya (wrestler)
atau menggambarkannya (tired).
Practice 2:
Pengenalan Object
The girls hurled stones.
2. The professor swigged coffee.
3. Gus dropped the aquarium.
4. Before eating the brownie, Nancy sniffed it.
5. When I finally found my brother, I kissed him.
Note:
1. NOUN objects --stones, coffee, aquarium--all
answer the question what
2. Kalimat 4 dan 5 menggunakan PRONOUN
objects – it, him-1.
Practice 3:
Pengenalan S, V, O
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Mr. Buck donated a wishbone to the Museum of Natural
History.
After the final song, the drummer hurled his sticks at the
crowd.
Gus smashed the electric guitar with a sledge hammer.
Felix stunned the giraffe with a radar gun.
Very slowly, Pandora opened the box.
Very slowly, Pandora opened the box.
Very slowly, Pandora opened the box.
Thomas gave his moon-pie to Bengie.
After breakfast, Vera drove to the mission with Ted.
Even though it rarely rains here, Professor
Legree carries his umbrella wherever he goes.
Answers
1. verb; 2. subject; 3. object; 4. object; 5. subject; 6. verb; 7.
object; 8. verb; 9. subject; 10. verb.
Homework 1
 Buatlah
kalimat untuk 10 pola kalimat di
halaman 9, masing-masing sebanyak 2
buah contoh kalimat
 Due: 19 September 2013
Other SVO Variations(1)
 Subject
+ Verb + Complement (to infinitive)
 Subject + Verb + Complement (-ing)
 Subject + Verb Phrase + Complement (-ing)
Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
Eg.She agreed to speak before the game.
agree
aim
appear
arrange
ask
attempt
be able
beg
begin
care
choose
condesce
nd
consent
continue
dare
decide
deserve
detest
dislike
expect
fail
forget
get
happen
have
hesitate
hope
hurry
intend
leap
leave
like
long
love
mean
neglect
offer
ought
plan
prefer
prepare
proceed
promise
propose
refuse
remember
say
shoot
start
stop
strive
swear
threaten
try
use
wait
want
wish
Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive
Eg. Everyone expected her to win.
advise
allow
ask
beg
bring
build
buy
challenge
choose
command
dare
direct
encourage
expect
forbid
force
have
hire
instruct
invite
lead
leave
let
like
love
motivate
order
pay
permit
persuade
prepare
promise
remind
require
send
teach
tell
urge
want
warn
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above
and may be used without an object.
Verbs Followed by a Gerund
Eg. They enjoyed working on the boat.
admit
advise
appreciate
avoid
can't help
complete
consider
delay
deny
detest
dislike
enjoy
escape
excuse
finish
forbid
get through
have
imagine
mind
miss
permit
postpone
practice
quit
recall
report
resent
resist
resume
risk
spend (time)
suggest
tolerate
waste (time)
Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund
Eg. We concentrated on doing well.
admit to
approve of
argue about
believe in
care about
complain about
concentrate on
confess to
depend on
disapprove of
discourage from
dream about
feel like
forget about
insist on
object to
plan on
prevent (someone)
from
refrain from
succeed in
talk about
think about
worry about
Verb Phrases that Require -ing
approve of
do not mind
keep on
be better of
count on
forget about
look forward
to
can’t help
get through
object to
insist on
think about
think of
She forgot about canceling her
appointment
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(i)
 Fungsi
dari of Adjective:
Memodifikasi NOUN, atau memberi sifat pada
NOUN.
 Bentuk dari Adjective:


Asli (wise, innocent, sad, hard, difficult, great,
small, etc)
Bentukan:
 NOUN
+ ful (beauty + ful = beautiful, mercy + ful =
merciful)
 VERB + able (change + able = changeable, break +
able = breakable, regret + able = regretable)
 VERB + ive (destruct + ive = destructive, attract + ive
= attractive, protect + ive = protective, educate + ive
= educative
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(ii)
 VERB
+ ING (confuse + ing = confusing, amaze + ing =
amazing, surprise + ing = surprising)
 NOUN + al (nature + al = natural, function+al =
functional,
 NOUN + ous/ious (danger+ous = dangerous,
glamor+ous=glamorous,)
 NOUN+y (Ice + y = icy, Oil + y = Oily, etc)
 NOUN+ic (History + ic = historic, rusty+ic = rustic,
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(i)
 Fungsi
dari of an Adverb:
Biasanya menambah informasi tentang



time (rarely, frequently, tomorrow),
manner (slowly, quickly, willingly), or
place (here, there, everywhere)
 Bentuk


dari Adverb:
Banyak adverbs—khususnya adverbs of manner—
dibentuk dari adjectives + akhiran ly (easy + ly =
easily, dependable + ly = dependably).
Tapi banyak adverbs umum (just, still, almost, not)
tidak berakhir dengan -ly, dan tidak semua kata
yang berakhir –ly (friendly, neighborly) adalah
adverbs.
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(i)
 Letak

dari Adverb:
Di depan:
 Adverb
yg memodify adjective ("quite sad")
 Adverb yg memodify adverb lain ("very carelessly")

Fleksibel (bisa sebelum atau sesudah verb atau di
awal kalimat)
 Adverb
yang memodify verb ("softly sang" or
"sang softly"),
 ("Softly she sang to the baby"). The position of the
adverb may have an effect on the meaning of the
sentence.
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(1)



Cara Umum memperluas kalimat dasar adalah
menggunakan modifiers
Modifiers adalah kata-kata yang menambah
makna/arti dari kata-kata lain
Modifier paling sederhana adalah Adjectives
(modify NOUNS) dan Adverbs (modify VERBS,
ADJECTIVES, other adverbs)
Contoh:
“The clown's sad smile touched us deeply.”
 Adjective Sad menambah makna pada Noun Smile
 Adverb deeply menambah makna pada Verb
touch
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(2)
Arranging Adjectives
 Adjective paling sering muncul tepat di depan NOUN
yang di-modify
“The old, cranky caretaker refused to answer our
questions.”
Perhatikan bahwa ketika dua (atau lebih) kata sifat
mendahului kata benda, mereka biasanya dipisahkan
dengan koma.
Tapi kadang-kadang Adjective mengikuti NOUN yang
mereka modify:
“The caretaker, old and cranky, refused to answer our
questions”
Di sini koma ada di luar dua kata sifat yang dihubungkan
dengan Conjunction And. Cara ini memberi penekanan
lebih pada NOUN dalam sebuah kalimat.

3. Adjectives and Adverbs(3)
 Adjectives
terkadang muncul di posisi ke-3
dalam kalimat setelah linking verb seperti am,
are, is, was, or were.
His voice was rough.
Your children are cruel.
This seat is wet.
Pada setiap kalimat di atas, the adjective (rough,
cruel, wet) memodifikasi the subject (NOUN)
tetapi mengikuti linking verb (was, are, is).
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(4)
Arranging Adverbs
 Adverbs biasanya mengikuti Verbs yang dimodify:
“I dance occasionally”
 Adverb juga bisa muncul langsung di depan
Verb atau di awal kalimat. :
I occasionally dance.
Occasionally I dance.
Tidak semua adverbs sedemikian fleksibel dalam
semua kalimat. Anda harus mencobanya di
beberapa posisi yang berbeda untuk melihat
mana yang tepat.
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(5)
Practice in Adding Adjectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to
the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in
recent decades.
All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is
exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.
Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have
a very _____ idea.
Google made record profits last year. It is one of the
most _____ companies in the world.
Dr. Kraft's job requires patience and skill. He is a _____
negotiator.
All through high school, Giles rebelled against his parents
and teachers. Now he has three _____ children of his
own.
Telling jokes that will not offend others can be difficult.
Some comedians are deliberately _____.
1. destructive; 2. healthy; 3. sensible; 4. profitable; 5. patient; 6. rebellious; 7. offensive
.
3. Adjectives and Adverbs(6)
Practice in Adding Adverbs
 The exam was easy. I passed _____.
 Leroy's careless act set the warehouse on fire. He
_____ tossed a cigarette into a tank of gasoline.
 Paige is a brave little girl. She fought _____ against
the poltergeists.
 Howard is a graceful dancer. He moves _____.
 Tom's apology sounded quite sincere. He said that
he was _____ sorry for misusing the tax funds.
 Paula made a generous contribution to the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. She gives _____
every year.
 The lecture was brief. Dr. Legree spoke _____ about
the importance of flossing after every meal.
1. easily; 2. carelessly; 3. bravely; 4. gracefully; 5. sincerely; 6. generously; 7. briefly
Homework 2
1.
2.
Buatlah kalimat dengan menggunakan
pola sebagaimana dalam tabel hal 15, 16,
dan 17, masing-masing sebanyak 10 buah
Bawa kamus (buku / digital)
 Due:
26 September 2013
Homework 3
1.
2.
3.

Buatlah tulisan cerita tentang kenangan anda
semasa SMA/SMK sebanyak 10 kalimat dalam
bahasa Indonesia. (warning: jangan copy
paste pekerjaan temannya, terancam fail)
Tulis kembali cerita di atas menggunakan
Bahasa Inggris dengan beragam pola yang
sudah dikerjakan di Homework 1. Gunakan Past
Tense !
Bawa kamus (buku / digital)
Due: 3 Oktober 2013
Adjective&Adverb Degree

Positive (Netral)



(Adj) This sauce is sweet
(Adv) I can solve this puzzle easily
Comparative (Perbandingan)

Aturan:
Bila kata hanya satu suku kata, ditambahkan “er” (hard
 harder)
 Bila lebih dari satu suku kata, didahului oleh more atau
less (expensive  less / more expensive)
 Ada beberapa adjective dan adverb yang tidak
beraturan


Cth:
(Adj) This sauce is sweeter than those sauces
 (Adv) I can solve this puzzle more easily than the
previous ones

Adjective&Adverb Degree (2)

Superlative (Tingkat paling tinggi atau paling
rendah)

Aturan:
 Diakhiri
dengan “est” untuk satu suku kata
 Diawali dengan ”most” atau “least”
 Tidak semua adj dan adv ada bentuk superlativenya

Contoh:
 (Adj)
This is the fastest way to get to the town
 (Adj) The most amazing experience I have ever had
was riding with Valentino Rossi
 (Adv) If you are looking for a public transportation in
Surabaya, you will find Ojek as the most suitably.
Adjective&Adverb Degree (3)
 Exceptions:
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Bad
Worse
Worst
Good
Better
Best
Far (place & time)
Further
Furthest
Far (place)
Farther
Farthest
Old (people)
Elder
Eldest
Little (amount)
Less
Least
Late (order)
Latter
Last
Saying
 Yesterday
was a history
 Tomorrow is a mistery
 Today is a gift…that’s why it is called PRESENT
Units of Grammar (Unit-unit Tata
Bahasa)
 Sentence
(Kalimat)
 Clause (Klausa)
 Phrase (Frasa)
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Sentence (Kalimat)
The largest independent unit of grammar: it
begins with a capital letter and ends with
a period, question mark, or exclamation point
 Terjemah: unit bebas terkecil dari tata bahasa:
dimulai dengan huruf besar dan diakhiri dengan
titik, tanda tanya atau tanda seru
 Definisi
tradisional (yg tdk lengkap) dari ‘sentence’:
a word or group of words that expresses a
complete idea and that includes a subject and
a verb.
Sentence Structures (Struktur
Kalimat)
 Simple
Sentence (Kalimat sederhana)
 Compound Sentence (Kalimat majemuk)
 Complex Sentence (Kalimat kompleks)
 Compound-Complex Sentence (Kalimat
majemuk dan kompleks)
Sentence Functions (Fungsi
kalimat)
 Declarative
(deklarasi, pernyataan)
 Interrogative (interogasi, bertanya)
 Imperative (perintah)
 Exclamatory (ekspresi emosi/perasaan
yang kuat)
Clause
A
group of words that contains
a subject and a predicate.
 Clause maybe of types


Independent : Sentence
Dependent/Subordinate: Sentence Like
Construction
Types of Dependent Clauses
Types
Pattern
Example
Adjective Clause
(Klausa Sifat) 
function as an
adjective
begins with
a relative
pronoun (which,
that, who, whom,
whose), a relative
adverb (where,
when, why)
The T-shirt that I am
wearing was a gift
from my brother last
year
Adverb Clause
(Klausa Keterangan)
 function as an
adverb
Begins with
subordinating
conjunction (such as
if, when,
because, or althoug
h) and includes
a subject and a
predicate.
Although the
weather went bad, I
was able to manage
to the school on
time.
Types of Dependent Clauses (2)
Types
Pattern
Noun Clause (Klausa Contains that, what,
Benda)
why, how :
Example
I believe that
everything happens
for a reason.
How do I know what
you think, until I
see what I say?
"How we remember,
what we remember,
and why we
remember form the
most personal map
of our individuality”
Example of a Clause






Consider the following sentence:
Tom married Amy when he was 19.
The string Tom married Amy could be a complete
sentence on its own;
the additional string, when he was 19, could not be a
complete sentence on its own. It is a clause.
A clause is a sentence-like construction contained
within a sentence.
The construction when he was 19 is 'sentence-like' in
the sense that we can analyse it in terms of the major
sentence elements (subject, verb, etc. . . .). It has its
own subject (he), it has a verb (was), and it has a
subject complement (19).
In addition to these major sentence elements, it has
the subordinating conjunction when, which tells us that
the clause is a subordinate clause."
Types of Clauses vs Types of
Sentences
Sentence
Type of Sentence
Type of Clause
"We cannot walk
alone."
Simple Sentence
Independent Clause
“All animals are
equal, but some
animals are more
equal than others.”
Compound
Sentence
2 Independent
Clauses
joined with
conjunctions “but”
"A woman must
have money and a
room of her own if
she is to write
fiction."
Complex Sentence
1 Independent
Clause and ends
with Adverb Clause
Types of Clauses vs Types of
Sentences…(2)
Sentence
Sentence
Clause
"Although I like to go
camping, I haven't
had the time to go
lately, and I haven't
found anyone to go
with”
CompoundComplex Sentence
Dependent Clause
(Adverb Clause)
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
Conjunction
Sentence Component
 Subject

The part of a sentence or clause that
commonly indicates (a) what it is about, or
(b) who or what performs the action (that
is, theagent).
 Verb
 Object
Sentence Pattern
 SVO