Transcript claudiax - Ursemedia2012

Grandpa and ice cream
Last summer I were in my Grandpa`s village.
I remember different funny stories from there . First week I were
ill so my Grandpa didn`t allow me to eat ice cream. I knew that I
will be able to eat it in the future , but I were really sad that I
couldn`t eat it hole week. But I knew that if I didn`t eat it I might
be well soon. When I recovered my Grandpa said that I can eat ice
cream as much as I want . But still I asked every time if I could eat
ice cream , because I knew that Grandpa can`t be wrong. Every
week I asked him if he could bring a cup of ice cream . So 3 weeks
later Grandpa said that I should eat a little bit of ice cream. I knew
that I needed to eat it less, because otherwise I would become
sick.
Modal verbs
Modal verb is a special verb which behaves very
differently from normal verb.
The following verbs are called Modal verbs.
What are modal verbs?
They are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can
Could
Must
Shall
Need
May
Might
Should
Will
Ought to
They are Auxiliary verbs that
provide additional and specific
meaning to the main verb of the
sentence
Modal verbs are sometimes
referred to as
Modal Auxiliary verbs because
they help other verbs
How do we use modals?
S
Subject
M
V
Verb
Example: Mary could play the piano
They do not accept conjugation
They do not need other auxiliary verbs
What do they express?
 They can have different meanings depending on the
situations they are used
 To understand it better we are going to divide them into 4
categories
1. Modal Verbs of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and
advice.
2. Modal verbs of ability and permission.
3. Modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
4. Modals perfects: They are used to express a situation in the
past
Categories
Obligation, no
obligation,
prohibition and
advice
must/
mustn’t
Ability and
permission
can / can’t
have to/don’t
have to
needn’t
ought to
should/
shouldn’t
can’t
could /
couldn’t
may
Speculation and
deduction
Modal
perfects
may
may/might have
might / might
not
should/
shouldn’t have
could
must have
can’t
can’t have
must
could have
Modals of obligation, no obligation,
prohibition and advice
Modal
Concept
Examples
*1 Must
Have to/has to
Obligation
You must decide now.
I have / she has to be fit to enter the race.
*2 Don’t have
to/doesn’t have to
*3 Needn’t
No obligation
(it’s not
necessary)
You don’t have / she doesn’t have to
phone me tomorrow.
You needn’t meet me at the airport. I’ll get
a taxi.
Advice and
recommendation
They ought to thank her for the present.
You should stop smoking all the time.
You shouldn’t cross the street without
looking first. It’s dangerous.
You must try this recipe.
Prohibition
You mustn’t ride a motorbike without a
helmet.
You can’t park here – look at the sign.
Ought to
Should
Shouldn’t
Must
Mustn’t
Can’t
(*) Notes
•
1 In
•
2 Must
writing there is no real difference between these words. In speech
there is sometimes a small difference. Must is used when the speaker
personally feels something is important and have to is used when the
situation makes something necessary.
You must start working harder!
(I say so)
You have to turn left here.
(it’s the law)
and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms but they are
completely different in their negative forms. Mustn’t describes sth which is
prohibited. Don’t have to describes sth that is not necessary.
You mustn’t leave now. (it’s not allowed. It’s against the rules)
You don’t have to leave now.
(it’s not necessary)
• 3 In informal spoken language we use don’t need to instead of needn’t.
You don’t need to go to the gym every day. You’re in good shape.
Modals of ability and permission
Modal
Concept
Examples
Can / can’t
Ability in the present
I can play the piano.
My friend can’t speak Spanish
Could /
couldn’t
Ability in the past
He could ski when he was 4.
I couldn’t ride a bike when I was a child
Can
Could
May
To ask permission
and make polite
requests
Dad, can I go to the concert?
Could I have some money, please?
May I come in, please?
Can
Can’t
Permission in the
present
You can borrow this CD if you like.
Students can’t wear their own clothes to
school.
Could
Couldn’t
Permission in the
past
I could stay out until midnight when I
was 14.
We couldn’t wear jewellery at school.
Modals of speculation and deduction
Modal
Concept
Examples
Speculation
He’s wearing a ring, so he may be
married.
I might go shopping later, I don’t know.
It could rain today.
She might not be on the train.
Can’t
Negative deduction
That can’t be Sue. She’s in Brazil.
Must
Affirmative
deduction
You must be tired after your long
journey.
*1 May
Might
Could
Might not
*1
these words all express uncertainty or possibility. Could is not used with
not in this context.
The meaning for all three words is approximately 50% probability. But if we
stress the modal verb strongly in speech the probability is reduced.
Modal Perfects
 They are modals referred to actions that happened in the
past
MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle
It must have been a difficult decision
They should have invited her to their wedding
Modal perfects
Modal
Concept
Examples
May have
Past unreal
possibility
We may have passed the test, but it was
too difficult.
Might have
Past unreal small
possibility
She might have been swimming. Her hair
is wet.
Should have
Past unreal
recommendation
You should have listened to the doctor.
You shouldn’t have eaten too much
chocolate.
Must have
Past unreal
assumption
She looks very fit. She must have been to
the gym a lot lately.
Can’t have
Impossibility in the
past
He can’t have stolen the money. He was
with me all morning.
Could have
Past unreal
ability/possibility
She could have taken the flight.
They could have won the match.
Writing the modal verbs that
you listening in this video.
Practise
1.
My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to
2.
b. could
c. ought to
d. can
b. mustn’t
c. don’t have to
d. had to
Johnnie’s fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!
a. Will
5.
d. Could
If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new
diet.
a. Could
4.
c. Should
I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room.
a. Might
3.
b. Would
b. might
c. may
d. ought to
You _______ come too early. We won’t leave until 9 o’clock.
a. Has to
b. must
c. needn’t
d. can’t
6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to
b. must
c. would
d. mustn’t
7. You _________ talk during tests. It’s forbidden!
a. don’t have to b. mustn’t
c. couldn’t
d. ought to
8. I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.
a. Can
b. would
c. must
d. have to
9. They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldn’t
b. mustn’t
c. shouldn’t
d. couldn’t
10. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be
serious!
a. Must
b. had to
c. can’t
d. shouldn’t
11. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. Could
b. may
c. should
d. would
12. You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a
surprise!
a. mustn’t
b. wouldn’t c. couldn’t
d. can
13. __________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?
a. Must
b. May
c. Would
d. Need
14. He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus
a. Must have b. Should have c. Could have
d. must
 Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they
have the same meaning.
1. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
should get a lawyer
You ___________________________________________
2. A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.
needn’t have a university degree for that job don’t have to have a university…
You ___________________________________________
3. Perhaps my father will pick you up.
may / might pick you up
My father _______________________________________
4. Eating is forbidden in class!
mustn’t eat in class
You ___________________________________________
5. Look at his dirty clothes! I’m sure he is a poor person.
must be a poor person
He ____________________________________________
6. I don’t believe that the legend of Hercules is true because
there’re many contradictions.
can’t be true
The legend of Hercules ____________________________
Speaking
 Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals.
1. We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about
things to do)
2. We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)
3. Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)
4. You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
5. Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some
advice)
6. You want to borrow your uncle’s Mercedes Benz. (Ask for
permission politely)
Writing (homework)
 Invents a story using some modal verbs