Transcript National Latin exam crash course!

NATIONAL LATIN EXAM
CRASH COURSE!
Latin II
NOUNS
All the declensions!
 All the cases!






Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
You know all those!
 BUT
 There are a couple of new uses you
need to learn.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE




Milite vulnerātō, nemo me custodiēbat.
The highlighted thing: an ABLATIVE
ABSOLUTE.
An Ablative Absolute is made of a noun and
a participle in the ablative.
You translate it in any of the following ways:
“After the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice
of participle]
 “With the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice
of participle]
 “When the [noun] [verb respecting tense +
voice of participle]



ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE NOUN FIRST!
So the example sentence is translated thus:
After the soldier was wounded, no one was
protecting me.
 With the soldier wounded, no one was
protecting me.
 When the soldier was wounded, no one was
protecting me.
 Go with whichever sounds best.

FOUR EXAMPLES

Mē ingressō, Cogidubnus mē salutavit.


Sōle lucente, mercator Arabs forum
transiit.


With the king dead, Salvius could take over
Britain.
Oratiōne datā, omnēs plausērunt.


As the sun shone, the Arab merchant
crossed the forum.
Rege mortuō, Salvius Britanniam
occupāre potuit.


After I had entered, Cogidubnus greeted me.
After the speech was given, everyone
applauded.
Why is it called “absolute”?
Latin solvō (loosen, untie, cut off) + ab: the
ablative absolute is not attached or
connected to the rest of the sentence.
 What this means for you: if you refer to
something in the rest of the sentence, then
you have translated the abl. abs. wrong.

COMMON ABLATIVE
ABSOLUTE MISTAKES
Hīs verbīs dictīs, Cogidubnus exiit.
 “After he said these words,
Cogidubnus left.”

What’s wrong with this translation?
1. They didn’t translate the noun in the
ablative absolute first! The noun is
verbīs.
2. They didn’t respect the voice of the
participle! It is a passive participle.
They are words having been said.
3. They referred to the rest of the
sentence! “He” (Cogidubnus) is not in
the ablative absolute.


How would you translate this
correctly?


“After these words were said,
Cogidubnus left.”
“With these words having been said,
Cogidubnus left.”
THE ABLATIVE OF
INSTRUMENT
Used to indicate with what, or in
what way, something was done.
 Examples!

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




Retiarius murmillonem gladiō interfecit.
The net-fighter killed the murmillo with
a sword.
Caecilius voce laetā dicebat.
Caecilius was speaking in a happy
voice.
Servus dominum delectat cibō.
The slave pleases the master with food.
THE ACCUSATIVE AND
ABLATIVE OF TIME
The accusative of time signifies
duration.
 Examples:

Trēs diēs ambulavī.
 I walked for three days.
 Multōs annōs vīxit.
 He lived for many years.

The ablative of time signifies a point
in time.
 Examples:

Tertiō diē advēnī.
 I arrived on the third day.
 Proximō annō periit.
 He died the next year.

TWO PREPOSITIONS
THAT TAKE THE ACCUSATIVE
ob
 propter
 These both mean something like “on
account of” or “because of”, though
their meanings are loose.
 Examples!!

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
Celeriter cucurrī ob gravitatem
discriminis.
I ran quickly on account of the
seriousness of the crisis.
Imperatorī propter metum parent.
They obey the emperor because of
fear.
Heard of the “post hoc” fallacy?

Post hoc, propter hoc: After this,
(therefore) because of this.
PRONOUNS &
DEMONSTRATIVES

Know the charts and meanings of:

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



hic, haec, hoc
ille, illa, illud
is, ea, id
qui, quae, quod
Personal pronouns (ego, tu, nos, vos)
Reflexive pronoun (sē)
Interrogative pronouns (Quis? Quid?)
VERBS
This is where it gets complicated…
 You need to know SIX tenses in
both ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICE (twelve charts!!!)

Present
 Imperfect
 Future
 Perfect
 Pluperfect
 Future Perfect


No new subjunctives, though.
FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE
Translate: “will [verb]”
 This tense conjugates a little
differently in different conjugations.
 In the 1st and 2nd conjugations:

[present stem]
 + bi
 + {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt}


In the 3rd, 3io, and 4th :



[present stem]
+ (i)ē
+ {m, s, t, mus, tis, nt}
EXAMPLES

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
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
laudābō
laudābis
laudābit
laudābimus
laudābitis
laudābunt
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus
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capiam
capiēs
capiet
capiēmus
capiētis
capient
FUTURE OF SUM
erō
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE
INDICATIVE
Translate: “will have [verbed]”
 Formation:



Example
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
[perfect stem] + eri + {ō, s, t, mus, tis,
nt}
laudaverō: I will have praised
laudaveris: You will have praised
laudaverit etc.
laudaverimus
laudaveritis
laudaverint
How would you do the future perfect
of sum?
THE PASSIVE VOICE
Passive: the subject does not do the
action, it receives the action.
 English example

Active: “Sassenberg graded the quiz”
 Passive: “The quiz was graded by
Sassenberg”


There is a set of PASSIVE
PERSONAL ENDINGS. They are:

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r
ris
tur
mur
minī
ntur
3 PASSIVE TENSES
 Present,
Imperfect, and Future
form exactly the same in the
Passive, you just use {r, ris, tur,
mur, minī, ntur} instead of {ō, s,
t, mus, tis, nt.}
 So let’s conjugate!
PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE
 laudō,
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laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudor: I am praised
laudāris: You are praised
laudātur: He/she/it is praised
laudāmur: We are praised
laudāminī: Y’all are praised
laudāntur: They are praised
 Coquus
ā dominō salutātur
 The cook is greeted by the master
IMPERFECT PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
 laudō,

laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudābar: I was being praised
(sometimes simply “was praised”)
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laudābāris: You were being
praised
laudābātur:
etc.
laudābāmur
laudābāminī
laudābantur
 Milites
inspiciēbantur.
 The soldiers were being
inspected.
FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE
 laudō,
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laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudābor
laudāberis
laudābitur
laudābimur
laudābiminī
laudābuntur
 Crās
ā Imperatore laudābor.
 Tomorrow I will be praised by
the emperor.
3 MORE PASSIVE TENSES
 These
are easy!
 Perfect Passive Indicative:

[4th principal part] + [present of
sum]
 Pluperfect

[4th principal part] + [imperfect of
sum]
 Future

Passive Indicative:
Passive Indicative:
[4th principal part] + [future of
sum]
PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE
 laudō,

laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudātus sum: I was praised or I have
been praised

laudātus es: You were praised or You
have been praised
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

laudātus est:
laudātī sumus
laudātī estis
laudātī sunt
 Numquam
etc.
graviter vulnerātus
sum
 I have never been seriously
injured
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
 laudō,






laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudātus eram: I had been praised
laudātus erās: You had been
praised
laudātus erat:
etc.
laudātī erāmus
laudātī erātis
laudātī erant
 Cena
iam cocta erat ubi Caecilius
advēnit.
 Dinner had already been cooked
when Caecilius arrived.

Why “cocta”? The participle has to agree
with the subject.
FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
(WHAT A MOUTHFUL)
 laudō,
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



laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
laudātus erō: I will have been
praised
laudātus eris: You will have been
praised
laudātus erit:
etc.
laudātī erimus
laudātī eritis
laudātī erunt
 Crās
hostēs superātī erunt.
 (By) tomorrow the enemies will
have been defeated.
INFINITIVES
 There
is more than one infinitive!
 You know the present active
already.

laudāre: “to praise”
 The
present passive infinitive is
formed thus:

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

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
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In 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations,
remove the final “e” and put in an
“ī” instead.
In 3rd, and 3io, remove the “ere” or
“īre” and put in the “ī”.
portāre  portārī: “to be carried”
docēre  docērī: “to be taught”
trahere  trahī: “to be dragged”
capere  capī: “to be captured”
audīre  audīrī: “to be heard”
INFINITIVES PART TWO
 The
perfect active infinitive looks
suspiciously similar to the
pluperfect subjunctive!
 You form it like this:

[perfect stem] + isse
 laudāvisse:
“to have praised”
 cēpisse: “to have captured”
 The perfect passive infinitive is
formed like this:

[4th principle part] + esse
 laudātus
esse: “to have been
praised”
 captus esse: “to have been
captured”
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
 Take
the 4th principal part and
stick an “ūr” before the “us” to
form the future participle.
 laudātūrus: “going to praise,
about to praise”
 captūrus: “going to capture,
about to capture”
 There
is also a future active
infinitive:
 laudātūrus esse: “to be about to
praise”
 captūrus esse: “to be about to
capture”
INDIRECT
STATEMENTS!
INDIRECT STATEMENTS
 If
your eyes glazed over and your
mind started to wander in the
last few slides (I don’t blame
you), pay attention again for a
sec because this is really
important!
 An INDIRECT STATEMENT is
a bit like an indirect question
except it doesn’t use the
subjunctive.
 Examples in English:


Direct statement: “I went to the
forum.”
Indirect statement: “Grumio said
that I went to the forum.”
INDIRECT STATEMENTS:
THE SECOND SLIDE
 Take


this example again:
Direct statement: “I walked to the
forum.”
Indirect statement: “Grumio said
that I walked to the forum.”
 Here’s
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how you do this in Latin:
Direct statement: “Ad forum
ambulāvī.”
Indirect statement: “Grumiō mē ad
forum ambulāre dīxit.”
Grammatically, how did the direct
statement change?
The main verb within the indirect
statement becomes an infinitive
and the subject is put in the
accusative.
The indirect statement is set up by
a head verb (a verb of saying,
thinking, knowing, etc.)
EXAMPLES
Audiō militēs venīre.
 I hear that the soldiers are
coming.
 Ancilla putat omnēs eam amāre.
 The slave girl thinks that
everybody loves her.
 Barbarīs superātīs, Romanī
nuntiavērunt sē victorēs esse.
 After the barbarians were
defeated (ablative absolute!) the
Romans anounced that they (the
Romans, not the barbarians)
were the winners.

HARDER EXAMPLES
Remember all those new infinitives?
Indirect statements can use those
too!
 Credō Romanōs semper victorēs
futurōs esse.
 I believe the Romans will always
be winners.
 Ea nescit nōs laborem domūs nōn
fēcisse.
 She doesn’t know we didn’t do the
homework.
 Salvius mē ā Imperatore laudarī
scit.
 Salvius knows that I am praised
by the emperor.

IMPERSONAL VERBS
Verbs where the subject is an
implied “it.”
 Licet – It is allowed
 Placet – It pleases
 These take the dative.
 Examples!
 Servō nōn licet ad forum īre.
 It is not allowed for the slave to
go to the forum.
 (The slave is not allowed to go to
the forum)

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

Tibi placet?
Is it pleasing to you?
(Do you like it?)
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
 You
already know some
(et…et)
 Here are more!
 Nec…nec
= Neither…nor
 Aut…aut = Either…or
THE END

It’s over