Transcript Unit 4. Auxiliary Verbs

Unit 4. Auxiliary Verbs.
•4.1 To be
•4.2 To do
•4.3 To have
•4.4. Modal verbs
•4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
•4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
•4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
•4.4.4 Uses of “May” and “Might”
•4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
4.1. To be.
• Be is the most common verb in the English language. It
can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is used a
lot in its other forms.
• Base form = be
• Present form = am/is/are
• Past form = was/were
• Present Participle / Gerund = being
• Past Participle = been
• When used with the present participle of other verbs it
describes actions that are or were still continuing auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb].
• Example:
– She is studying.
– I was walking
– Anne and John were working.
Negative form
• To make the negative form we only need to add
the negative auxiliary “not” or the contraction
“n’t” after the verb to be (conjugated)
• Subject + auxiliary “to be”+ negative auxiliary
not/n’t + verb + “ing” + complement
• Examples:
– She isn’t doing his homework.
– We were not watching the movie.
– I was not writing.
Questions
• Make a question using the is
simply because you only need to move the
auxiliary “to be" at the beginning of the
sentence, then add the question mark "?" in
the same way we did in the affirmative form.
• Example:
– She is doing the homework.
– Is she doing the homework?
4.1 “To be”
• Examples of questions and answers using
“to be” conjugated.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of “to be”.
In some of them, you can add the negative auxiliary
“n’t”.
•Right now, you ___ doing the homework.
•___ is running in the house.
•Maria is__ playing football. (Past progressive and
negative)
•My father ___ wait___ for me. (Present)
•___ he buy___ a new car?
•Why ___ you crying___. (N)
•My little sister ____ play___ with her new doll.
4.2. To do
In the simple present tense, do will function as an
auxiliary to express the negative and to ask
questions.
• The verb do is one of the most common verbs in
English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb.
It is often used in questions.
• Base form = do
• Present form = do/does
• Past form = did
• Present Participle / Gerund = doing
• Past Participle = done
4.2. To do
• Do is used as an auxiliary verb (dummy auxiliary) in
the question form.
• For example:
– I know the way. Do you know the way?
– Do you speak English?
– Do you study English?
• Notice how “to do" has no literal translation, his function
is only complement the question form.
• Do is used for emphasis in positive statements.
– For example: I do like this beer!
4.2. To do
The answers of these questions can take many forms, but
we must remember that if you ask the
question with “to do" you must also answer with “to
do." Examples:
• Do you speak French?
– Yes, I do.
Do
Question - ?
"Do you always take the bus to
work?"
Positive Answer - Yes
"Yes I do."
Negative Answer - No
"No I don't."
4.2. To do
The auxiliary “to do“ have to be conjugated
depending the person you are using. If you use He
or She, you have to use Does. Examples:
Does
– Does she practice soccer?
– Yes, she does.
– Does he understand the topic?
– Yes, he does.
"Does she ever do her homework
on time?"
"Yes she does.”
Afirmative
"No she doesn't.“ Negative
4.2. To do
As the auxiliary “to be”, the negative form will
add “not” or “n’t” as a contract form.
Examples:
• Do you speak French?
– No, I do not speak French.
• Does he understand the topic?
– No, he doesn’t
4.2. “To do” Exercise
Fill the blanks. Depending of the form, you can use do, don’t
or does.
• ___ you believe in ghosts?
– ___ I do.
• ______ he make apple pie?
– No, he _______.
• ____ they prepare food?
– No, they ______
• _____ you watch the movie?
– Yes, she _____.
• Do _____ hear the new song?
– ____ I don’t
4.3. To have
• The verb “to have” is used as an auxiliary verb to
help other verbs create the perfect tense auxiliary verb have [+ past participle].
– For example, “I have studied English for five years;” or
“I have never been to America.” "I have eaten fish."
• To have is also in combination with other modal
verbs to express probability and possibility in the
past.
4.3. To have
• Have is one of the most common verbs in the
English language.
• “Have” conjugations depending of tenses:
• Base form = have
• Present form = have / has
• Past form = had
• Present Participle / Gerund = having
• Past Participle = had
4.3. To have
Present Perfect
I have been a You have been a He / She has been a
teacher.
student.
student.
It has been nice.
We have been
students.
They have been
students.
We had
beenstudents for
several years.
They had
beenstudents for
several years.
We will have
been students for
several years.
They will have
beenstudents for
several years.
Past Perfect
I had been a You had been a
teacher for
student for
several years. several years.
He / She had
been a student for
several years.
It had beennice for
several hours.
Future Perfect
I will have
been a
teacher for
several years.
You will have
beena student
for several
years.
He / She will have
It will have been nice
been a student for
for several years.
several years.
4.3. Have
•Negative form: Subject + have/has+not+verb
conjugated+ Complement
•Question form is used with:
•Subject +Have + Subject + Verb conjugated+
Complement
Question - ?
"Have you washed your face today?"
Positive Answer - Yes
" Yes, I have."
Negative Answer - No
" No, I haven't."
Question - ?
Question - ?
Negative Answer - No
"Have you ever had a heart attack?"
"Have you washed your face today?"
" No, thank goodness, I haven't."
4.3. Have
• To ask about possibility or probability in the
past, a modal is combined with the subject
+ have + past participle:
• Could Clinton have known about the gifts?
• May Mom have known about the party last
night?
• Could your friend have drawn it?
4.3. Have
• As a negative statement, can be combined with: a
modal not + have + a past participle to express
how certain you are that something did not
happen:
• Examples:
– Clinton might not have known about the gifts.
– I may not have been there at the time of the crime.
• Or very simple, after “have”
– I have not bought the present.
– We have not watch the movie.
4.3. “To have” Exercise.
• Fill the blanks with the auxiliary “have”.
Depending the tense, you can use have, has or
had.
– He ____ won the election. (present perfect)
– They _____ written that novel. (past perfect)
– I _____________been engineer for ten years (future
perfect)
– Sarah____ prepared the chicken. (present perfect)
– I _____ watched that program many times. (past
perfect)
– I _____________ given many presents to my
girlfriend.(future perfect)
• 4.4. Modal verbs
– 4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
– 4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
– 4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
– 4.4.4 Uses of “May” and “Might”
– 4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
4.4. Modal Verbs
Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs:
• will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to,
should, would, must ought to, are used in
conjunction with main verbs to express shades of
time and mood.
• The combination of helping verbs with main
verbs creates what are called verb
phrases or verb strings. In the following
sentence, "will have been" are helping or
auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb.
4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
• The modal auxiliary can is used to express ability
(in the sense of being able to do something or
knowing how to do something). Example:
– He can speak French but he can't understand it very
well.
• To express theoretical possibility:
– American automobile makers can make better cars if
they think there's a profit in it.
4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
• To express permission (in the sense of being
allowed or permitted to do something):
– Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room?
(Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some
writers will object to the use of canin this context.)
4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
• The modal auxiliary could is used:
• To express an ability in the past:
– He could always do better stitching since he was
young.
• To express past or future permission:
– Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
• To express present possibility:
– We could always spend the afternoon just sitting
around talking.
4.4.1 Uses of “Can” and “Could”
• To express possibility or ability in contingent
circumstances:
– If he do the homework, he could go to te cinema
with his friends.
• In expressing ability, can and could frequently
also imply willingness:
– Can you help me with my homework?
4.4.1 “Can” and “Could” Excercise
• Fill the blanks with the correct modal.
– He _______ speak Spanish but he can't write it
very well.
– I ______ always beat you at tennis when we were
kids.
– If he studied harder, he _____pass this course.
– _____ i help you with that dress?
4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
• We seldom use shall for polite
questions (suggesting an element of
permission) in the first-person:
– "Shall you buy it now?“
– "Shall you call to my mom for me?“
• To express the future tense, the
verb will is used in all other cases.
4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
• Shall is often used in formal situations
(legal or legalistic documents, minutes
to meetings, etc.) to express obligation,
even with third-person and secondperson constructions:
– The board of directors shall be responsible
for payment to stockholders.
– The college president shall report financial
shortfalls to the executive director each
semester.
4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
• Should is usually replaced,
nowadays, by would. It is still
used, however, to mean "ought
to" as in
– You really shouldn't do that.
– If you think that was amazing, you
should have seen it last night.
4.4.2 Uses of “Shall” and “Should”
• One is apt to hear or read
should with the first-person
pronouns in expressions of
liking such as "I should prefer
iced tea" and in tentative
expressions of opinion such as:
– I should imagine they'll vote
Conservative.
– I should have thought so.
4.4.2 “Shall” and “Should” Exercise
• Fill the blanks using “shall” and
“should”
– You _______ drink that tea, it’s
very good for your healthy.
– ______ we go now?
– ______ I call a doctor for you?
– If you think that was quiet, you
_______have seen the boss.
4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
• in certain contexts, will and would are virtually
interchangeable, but there are differences.
Notice that the contracted form 'll is very
frequently used for will.
• Will can be used to express willingness:
• I'll wash the dishes if you dry.
• We're going to the movies. Will you join us?
4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
• It can also express intention (especially in the first
person):
– I'll do my exercises later on.
• And prediction:
– Specific:
• The meeting will be over soon.
– Timeless:
• Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
– Habitual:
• The river will overflow its banks every spring.
4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
• Would can also be used to express willingness:
– Would you please take off your hat?
• It can also express insistence (rather rare, and
with a strong stress on the word "would"):
– Now you've ruined everything. You would act that
way.
4.4.3 Uses of “Will” and “Would”
• And characteristic activity:
– Customary:
• After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.
– Typical (casual):
• She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.
– In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical
meaning:
• My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she
wants.
– Finally, would can express a sense of probability:
• I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.
4.4.3 “Will” and “Would” Exercise
“Hi! This is James Moore, from WBIG radio, broadcasting directly from
the Aztec Stadium where there is a record-breaking crowd on hand for
the Crazy Jackson concert. Girls are screaming, the music is playing and
everyone is waiting in anticipation for the appearance of the Man of the
Year, Crazy Jackson.”
•Predict what will happen if Crazy Jackson does any of the follow:
Example: (Gets drunk before the show) – If Crazy Jackson gets drunk
before the show, he would sing very bad.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sings very well:_______________________________________
Fans are disappointed:_________________________________
Don’t attend his next concert:___________________________
Loses popularity:_____________________________________
Isn’t rich anymore:____________________________________
4.4.4 Uses of “May” and “Might”
• Two of the more trouble some
modal auxiliaries
are may and might. When used in
the context of granting or seeking
permission, might is the past tense
of may. Might is considerably more
tentative than may. Examples:
– May I leave class early?
– If I've finished all my work and I'm
really quiet, might I leave early?
4.4.4 Uses of “May” and “Might”
• In the context of expressing
possibility, may and might are
interchangeable present and
future forms and might + have +
past participle is the past form:
– She might be my advisor next
semester.
– She may be my advisor next
semester.
– She might have advised me not to
take biology.
4.4.4: “May” and “Might” Exercise
Complete the text with the correct modal.
• A body had been identified after much
work by a detective. It was reported that
"without this painstaking work, the
body ____ have remained unidentified."
Since the body was, in fact,
identified, _____ is clearly called for.
• Has been a helicopter crash at the
airport. In the initial report, before all
the facts are gathered, a newscaster
could say that the pilot “______ have
been injured." After they discover that
the pilot is in fact all right and now the
newscaster can say that the pilot
“______ have been injured”.
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
• Must can refer to the present or future. It can
point to the past only when it is used with the
present perfect tense of the principal verb.
• Compare:
– He must go home. (Future / present)
– He must have gone home. (Past)
– We must see the minister now. (Present)
– You must file a writ petition. (Future)
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
• Must expresses compulsion or strong
obligation. It is much stronger than should.
• He must apologize for his mistakes.
• They must pay the fine.
• You must be loyal to your country.
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
• Necessity
– We must get up early and start on our way.
– Must we wait for them?
• Probability or likelihood
– Must can express probability or likelihood.
– Oh, there is the door bell; that must be the postman.
• Strong determination
– Must signifies strong determination.
– I must have my own way.
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
Ought is different from other modal auxiliary
verbs; it is followed by an infinitive with to.
• Compare:
– I ought to go.
– I must go.
– She must wait.
– She ought to wait.
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
• Ought expresses ideas such as duty, necessity,
moral obligation etc. It is not as forceful
as must, but it is stronger than should.
– We ought to help the poor and the needy. (Duty)
– You ought to exercise regularly. (Necessity)
• When ought refers to past time, it is followed
by the perfect infinitive.
– You ought to have helped him.
4.4.5 Uses of “Must” and “Ought to”
• He _______ clean his room, is very dirty.
• I ________take a shower everyday.
• He _______ be mad to do this, I’m sure she will have
problems.
• My sister ________ be back by 10 o’clock because I
wish she were here.
• I am late. I _______ wait my mom if I want to go to
the school. She needs to talk with the director.
• I _________ practice verbs if I want to learn Frech.
Sources
• Fowler's Modern English Usage edited by R.W. Burchfield.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. 1996. Used with the
permission of Oxford University Press
• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/auxiliary.htm
• http://www.aprende-gratis.com/ingles/curso.php?lec=verbotohave
• http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/negativasinterrogativas.php
• http://www.englishgrammar.org/uses-of-must-and-ought-to/
• http://www.english-the-easyway.com/English_ESL/English_Verb_Usage_Have.htm
http://www.ingleshispano.com/tobeauxil.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htm The New