Transcript Be to + verb - eesl542dwinter2012

GRAMMAR CHAPTER 16
TENSE AND ASPECT
EESL542D
Nayoung Yoon
Peichun Chen
Samar alsharef
Actions types
Aspects
Stative verbs
Dynamic verbs
Activity verbs
Achievement
verbs
Accomplishment
verbs
A. Activity verbs.
• continuous
or
•
challenging
Accomplishment verbs
Accomplishment verbs
Expressing more than one type of action
.
• Stage play and screenplay directions:
basic meaning
Reported
speech
Additional uses
Unreal
conditionals
Polite requests
and questions
.
Expressing future time
Future actions can be expressed by:
• Will + verb (especially to express probably actions).
He will get on the plane tomorrow at around two o’clock.
• Be going to + verb ( especially to express planned actions).
He is going to leave tomorrow at about 2 o’clock.
The choice between will and be going to depends largely upon whether the
speaker is expressing just probable occurrence or planned activity. E.g.
I’m going to go to Paris next week. I have business there.
I’ll go to Paris next week. I have business there.
Expressing future time
• The simple present with time expression.
The bus leaves at 8:30.
• The present progressive ( for planned future actions)
Actions planned for the near future are often indicated by the present
progressive tense.
He is moving to Canada this summer.
Susan’s plane is leaving in five minutes.
• Be about to + verb (for actions in very near future)
He is about to leave
• Be to + verb (especially for actions in commands)
You are to stay until ten o’clock.
Tense Aspect
Perfect aspect
Perfect aspect is formed with have/has/had + the past participle,
expresses completed action and combines with present, past, and future
time.
Present Perfect
•
•
•
•
•
The present perfect is said to have several meanings. These meanings
relate to the lexical aspect of verbs as follows:
With stative and activity verbs, the present perfect expresses a situation
that started in the past and continues to the present.
■ ( already, just ,yet, never, so far, up to now, since, for, recently)
E.g. I have lived in Taiwan for over thirty years.
E.g. Dr. Lynne has worked as an associate dean since the beginning of this
quarter.
Note:
for + periods of time
since + a specific time spot
E E.g. for ( a long time, a quarter, three hours)
since I was a girl ( since + clause)
since (yesterday, April first,
last Christmas)
Present Perfect Time Line
Present perfect
• With achievement and, to a lesser extent, accomplishment verbs, it
expresses a recently completed action. (Action that stopped recently)
• E.g. Guess what? Eric’s father’s father won the lottery.
• E.g. Penny has just written a thesis that contains a lot of information
about class management.
• With accomplishment verbs, it expresses an action that occurred at an
unspecified time and has current relevance (the action is seen as
noteworthy by the speaker). =>■puts emphasis on the result
• E.g. Lola has re-written every one of Shakespeare’s plays.
• With activity verbs involving inherent change, it expresses an action
that occurred over a period of time completed a time of speaking.
• E.g. The value of that stock has tripled over the past year.
Past Perfect
• The past perfect tense is formed with had and a past participle.
• Basic meanings
The past perfect expresses a past action completed prior to another
event or time in the past.
• E.g. George returned the writing textbook to his friend after he had
read it.
The presence of the past perfect insures that the event it describes is
interpreted as having occurred before the event in the other clause.
• E.g. Gary had already left when Paul arrived.
= When Paul arrived, Gary had already left.
= By the time Paul arrived, Gary had already left.
= Gary had already left by the time Paul arrived.
Past Perfect in subordinate clauses introduced by certain subordinators, such as
before, after, and as soon as, it is often possible to use the simple past instead of the
past perfect.
E.g. 1. Annalisa left as soon as she had spoken to the school chair. (v)
E.g. 2. Annalisa left as soon as she spoke to the school chair.
( v)
Note: E.g. 1. = E.g. 2. ( Subordinate clauses themselves establish the sequence
of the events.)
E.g. 3. Annalisa graduated from CSUSB as soon as she had written her
dissertation.
E.g. 4. Annalisa graduated from CSUSB as soon as she wrote her dissertation.
Note: E.g. 3. may be not equal E.g. 4 because we should consider the duration
between two events. Writing a dissertation takes long time to complete.
Therefore, using past perfect is better to illustrate this sentence.
E.g. 5. Annalisa graduated from CSUSB as soon as she had completed her dissertation.
E.g. 6. Annalisa graduated from CSUSB as soon as she completed her dissertation.
Note: When we make the duration of the second event short, by changing it to
an achievement like complete her dissertation, the tense of the verb in the
subordinate clause can be either the past perfect or the simple past.
Addition Meaning
• The past perfect also appears in
counterfactual conditional sentences, which
express speculations or regrets about
unfulfilled events.
• E.g. If I had studied harder to pass the
graduation examination, I would have
graduated from CSUSB this quarter.
Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect expresses an action that will be completed prior to or
by some specified future time.
•
•
E.g. Pei-Chun will have read the entire Second Language Acquisition by four
o’clock.
E.g. Pei-Chun will have read the entire Second Language Acquisition before four
o’clock.
The future perfect tense also expresses states that will have endured for a
period of time as measured at some future date.
•
E.g. They will have been married for 40 years this November.
Perfect
Progressive
Tense
The perfect progressive
tenses combine both
progressive and perfect
aspect with present, past, and
future time.
Present Perfect Progressive Tense
• The present perfect progressive tense expresses ongoing past action that
continues up to the present.
• It is formed with has/ have + been + the present participle ( V+ ing ).
• It often occurs with time expressions beginning with for and since.
E.g. He’s been taking lessons for about three months.
E.g. Matthew’s been teaching Communication since he graduated from
this school.
What’s different between Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive
Tense?????????
E.g. 1. Dr. Julie has wrote a romance.
E.g. 2. Dr. Julie has been writing a romance for more than six months.
The present perfect progressive tense includes the progressive aspect,
confers a sense of ongoingness.
Past perfect progressive tense
• The past perfect progressive tense expresses a past ongoing action
that happens prior to another past action or time.
• It is formed with had + been + the present participle (V-ing)
• E.g. Kennedy had been trying to interest a publisher in his book for
over two years, when discouraged by the many rejections he had
received, he finally asked Saul Bellow for help.
• A subordinate clause, beginning with, for example, when, often marks
a past action that is related in some way.
• E.g. Dr. Brenda had been working on other paper for over an hour when
her husband came home.
Future perfect progressive
• The future perfect progressive expresses an action that will
continue in the future up to some specific time.
• It is formed with will + have + been + a present participle
(V+ ing)
• That time is frequently indicted in a subordinate clause
beginning with when or by (the time).
E.g. When Nicolas Cage finally lands in New Zealand, he will have been
traveling for over 14 hours.
Sequence of Tense Rules
Reported Speech is the grammar we use
when we want to tell another person about a
conversation that took place in the past.
Reported speech (con’t)
We often use “reported speech” to…
1. To give somebody a telephone message
E.g. Simon said he couldn’t come today because of sickness.
2. To tell somebody news that we heard from someone else.
E.g. Ella told everyone that she just got engaged yesterday.
3. To report something that happened yesterday.
E.g. Makio said that the driver wasn’t paying attention to her boyfriend
and was hit by him.
How can we use reported
speech???
When we use reported speech, we are usually
talking about “the past”. Thus, basically,verbs
usually change to the “past tense” in reported
speech.
E.g. am/is => was
are =>were
have/has=>had will/won’t=>
would/wouldn’t
can/can’t=> could/ couldn’t
Reported speech
• Reported speech changes the tense in spoken speech by sequence of
tense rules. Tenses of verbs in the reported speech are “backshifted”.
• => Simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
• E.g. JR said, “I like her.”
• Becomes=> JR said (that) he liked her.
• => Present progressive tense becomes past progressive tense.
• E.g. Jacob said, “I’m working on my study guide.”
• Becomes=> Jacob said he was working on his study guide.
Shifts in Modals: Certain Modal
auxiliaries are also backshifted:
• May for possibility becomes might, and may for
permission becomes could.
E.g. Kaz added, “ I may go with my girl friend.”
Becomes => Kaz added that he might go with his girl friend.
E.g. The beautiful attendant said, “ You may come in the MVP
rest area.”
Becomes => The beautiful attendant said that we could come in the
MVP rest area.
Certain Modal auxiliaries are also
backshifted:
Can becomes could
E.g. Samar said “ I can do that presentation too.”
Becomes => Samar said that she could do that presentation too.
Will becomes would
E.g. Robert said, “ I will see my new-born child next year.”
Becomes => Robert said that he would see his new-born child next
year.
Must becomes had to
E.g. The professor told Vickie, “ You must finish it today!”
Becomes => The professor told Vickie that she had to finish it today.
Exceptions to BAckshifting
But……. A shift is not necessary if:
If the original statement is a general truth.
E.g. The scientist concluded that the atmosphere is/was a sea of air
pressing down on the earth.
If the speaker is reporting something still possible for the future.
E.g. Fred said he drives/ drove a 1956 Belchfire Special.
If the speaker is reporting something still possible for the future.
E.g. The forecast said we will/would be having lots of snow.
If the speaker repeats something he or she just said.
E.g. Abby: I like Jonny Depp. Julia: What did you say?
Abby: I said I like Jonny Depp.
Let’s stand up or sit down
Instruction: Indicate whether the tense shift
or lack of shift in each (b) sentence is
appropriate and explain why.
For Example:
A. Waiter: You may smoke in this area but not in that
room over there.
B. The waiter told us that we could smoke in this area but
not in that room over there.
Answer: Shift is appropriate (May is shifted to could when
the meaning is permission.)
Are you ready?????
Question 1
A: A scientist believes all bodies, regardless of
their mass, fall at the same rate toward the
center of the earth.
B: A scientist believes that all bodies, regardless
of their mass, fall at the same rate toward the
center of the earth.
Are you ready????? ( con’t)
Question 2
A: David Wong : I could still run a mile in under
three minutes if I had to.
B: David Wong said that he could still have run
a mile in under five minutes if he had had to.
Are you ready????? ( con’t)
Question 3
Hello Kitty: I may take a trip with SpongeBob
around the world.
Hello Kitty said that she may take a trip with
SpongeBob around the world.
The End!!!