Transcript Present perfect tense

The present perfect tense
The present perfect
continuous tense
STIKES FATHIR HUSADA
BY ENDANG IRYANI, M.Pd
Formula
• (+) S + aux. verb(have/has) + V-3/past participleI
I have read the book
• (-) S + aux. verb(have/has) + not + V-3/past participleI
I have not read the book
• (?)aux. verb(have/has) + S + V-3/past participle
Have I read the book
Formula
•
•
•
•
•
•
I
WE
THEY
HE
SHE
IT
HAVE
HAS
Form of present perfect:
Positive
Negative
Question
I/you/we/they I have
spoken.
I have not
spoken.
Have I
spoken?
He/she/it
He has not
spoken.
Has he
spoken?
He has not
spoken.
For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list
of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs,
just add “ed”.
Present perfect tense
Usage: The present perfect tense
• puts emphasis on the result
Ex: She has written five letters.
• expresses an action that is still going on.
Ex: School has not started yet.
• expresses an action that stopped recently
Ex: She has cooked dinner.
• expresses a finished action that has an influence on the
present
Ex: I have lost my key.
• expresses an action that has taken place once, never or
several times before the moment of speaking
Ex: I have never been to Australia.
FUNCTIONS
•
•
•
We use the present perfect tense to talk about things where there is a
connection between the past and the present.
He’s written 16 books.
He started writing books at some time in the past. So far, he has written 16
books. He may write more books.
As well as the present perfect simple, we can use the present perfect
continuous tense to talk about events with a connection to the present.
•
•
1 Look at these 2 sentences:
I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action –
decorating – and the action is unfinished.
I’ve painted the living room blue. The focus is on the finished result. The
activity is finished but we can see the result now.
FUNCTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an activity
that is unfinished.
2 Look at these two sentences.
I’ve read that book you lent me. I finished it yesterday.
I’ve been reading that book you lent me. I’ve got another 50 pages to read.
The present perfect simple (I’ve read) gives the idea of completion while
the present perfect continuous (I’ve been reading) suggests that
something is unfinished.
3 Look at these two sentences.
She’s been writing emails for 3 hours.
She’s written 10 messages.
We can use the present perfect simple to talk about how long when we
view something as permanent. But thepresent perfect continuous is often
used to show that something is temporary.
FUNCTIONS
• The present perfect continuous (has been
writing) talks about how long something has
been happening. The present perfect
simple (has written) talks about how much/how
many have been completed.
4 Look at these two sentences.
• I’ve worked here for thirty years.
• I usually work in London but I’ve been working in
Birmingham for the last 3 weeks.
The adverbs are frequently used in the present perfect:
•
For: When talking about the length of time (duration), we use the present
perfect with for + a period of time.
Ex: I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They
have been married for six months.
•
Since: When talking about a starting point, we use the present perfect with
since + a point in time.
Ex: I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have
been at this school since last year.
•
adverbs (ever, never, already, yet, still)
'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the past participle.
Ex: Has she ever met someone famous?
I have never visited London. I’ve never been so sick.
Already, yet and still: It can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or
at the end of the sentence.
Present perfect continuous
USAGE: The present perfect continuous tense
• puts emphasis on the duration or course of an
action (not the result)
Example: She has been writing for two hours.
• action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I have been living here since 2001.
• finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon.
Form of present perfect continuous:
Positive
Negative
Question
I/we/you/they
I have been
speaking.
I have not been
speaking.
Have I been
speaking?
He/she/it
He has been
speaking.
He has not been
speaking.
Has he been
speaking?
Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive: all day, for 4 years,
since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Reminder:
Verbs with stative meanings are not used in the progressive.
The present perfect, NOT the present perfect continuous, is
used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a state that
began in the past and continue to the present.
Ex: I have known Alice since he was a child.
Incorrect: I have been knowing Alice since
he was a child.
Present perfect simple vs. Present perfect
continuous
Present perfect simple
Present perfect
continuous
Form
Have/has + V-ed/ V3
Have/has + been + V-ed/V3
Usage
The present perfect simple
expresses an action that is still
going on or that stopped recently,
but has an influence on the
present. It puts emphasis on the
result.
The present perfect
progressive expresses an
action that recently stopped
or is still going on. It puts
emphasis on the duration or
course of the action.
Adverbs frequently
used
For, since, already, ever, never, all day, for 4 years, since
yet, still, etc.
1993, how long?, the
whole week, etc.
Example
I have written five letters.
I have been playing football
since 3 o’clock.
• We can use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect
continuous to describe an activity that started in the past and
continues up to the present and possibly into the future.
Ex: They have been studying English for three years.
They’ve studied English for three years.
• We can use the present perfect simple and the present perfect
continuous with lately and recently.
Ex: I’ve been working hard lately.
I’ve done a lot of work lately.
EXERCISES
• Present perfect simple.
• Present perfect
continuous.
• Present perfect simple
and present perfect
continuous.
Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple).
1.
Since classes began, I (have, not)_____ much free time. I (have)____ several big
tests to study for.
2.
The science of medicine (advance)______ a great deal in the 19th century.
3.
We (have)_____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many
more we will have.
4.
I (write)______ them three times, but I haven’t received a reply.
5.
The telephone (ring)_________ four times in the last hours, and each time it has
been for my office mate.
6.
A: What are you going to order for dinner?
B: Well, I (have, never)________ vegeterian pizza, so I think I’ll order that.
7.
Bill (be)_________ here since 22nd.
8.
So far this week, I (have)_________ two tests and a quiz.
9.
Alex is an artist. He (draw)______ many beautiful pictures in his lifetime.
10.
Fatima (see, never)_________ snow in her entire lifetime.
Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).
1. He (work)___________ in this company since 1985.
2. I (wait)_____ for you since two o'clock.
3. Mary (live)_________ in Germany since 1992.
4. Why is he so tired? He (play)_____ tennis for five hours.
5. How long (learn / you)______ English?
6. We (look for)_______ the motorway for more than an hour.
7. I (live)____________ without electricity for two weeks.
8. The film (run / not)_________ for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial
break already.
9. How long (work / she)_________ in the garden?
10. She (not / be)_________ in the garden for more than an hour.
Put the verbs into the correct tense. (present perfect simple or present
perfect progressive)
1.
I (play)_________ football for five years.
2.
My team (win / only)_________ two matches so far.
3.
The others (be / always)________ better.
4.
Are we not there yet? We (walk)________ for hours.
5.
But we (cover / only)__________ an area of five miles so far.
6.
I (finish/just)_______ my homework.
7.
I (work)________ on this essay since two o'clock.
8.
Jane (go out)______ with Bob for seven years.
9.
Martin (date)________ three girls this week.
10.
How long (wait / you)_________ for us?