Transcript grammar lecture - infitives and indirect speech

Lesson 59: Indirect Speech and Infinitives
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Before we begin please read pages 400f
“Grammar” of your textbook. This will give
you a preview of what you are about to learn.
How are perfect passive and future active
infinitives formed?
How are both translated?
What is the difference between direct and
indirect speech?
Why are infinitives critical for forming indirect
speech?
What case are subjects in indirect speech?
Lesson 59: Indirect Speech and Infinitives
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Infinitives are verbs without person or number
However infinitives do have tense (present,
future, perfect) and voice (active, passive)
In English, infinitives are preceded by “to”
Present active infinitive – agere (to drive) 2nd
principal part of the verb
Present passive infinitives – portari/docēri/ audiri
(to be carried, to be taught, to be heard) for 1st,
2nd and 4th conjugations 2nd principal part final –e
becomes -i; 3rd conjugation –ere is replaced by –i
alone e.g. agi (to be driven)
Perfect active infinitives – misisse (to have sent)
perfect stem +isse
Lesson 59: Indirect Speech and Infinitives
new infinitives
Perfect Passive
• To have heard
• 4th principal part + esse e.g. auditus esse
Future Active
• To be about to hear
• Participial stem +urus esse e.g. auditurus esse
Lesson 59: Indirect Speech and Infinitives
indirect vs. direct speech in English
Direct Speech
• Directly reports what someone said, thought, felt,
et cetera
• Uses quotation marks
• Commodus thinks, “I am a god.”
Indirect Speech
• Reports what someone said, thought, felt, et
cetera
• No quotation marks
• In English is introduced by “that”
• Commodus thinks THAT he is a god.
Lesson 59: Indirect Speech and Infinitives
Latin formation of indirect speech
Commodus putat eum esse deum (Commodus
thinks that he is a god)
• No “ille” (that)
• Subject and all words describing or identifying
subject are accusative (cf. normal nominative)
• Verbs are infinitives
Practice
• Caesar dicit Galliam victam esse ab suo.
• Romulus scit Romam futuram esse magnam.