Transcript Lección 8: Gramática

Lección 8: Gramática
1. Pretérito de verbos irregulares
2. Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos
3. Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito
4. El imperfecto de indicativo
5. La formación de los adverbios
Pretérito de verbos irregulares (1)
• The following Spanish verbs are irregular in
the preterit.
Pretérito de verbos irregulares (2)
• The third-person singular of the verb hacer
changes the c to z in order to maintain the
original soft sound of the c in the infinitive.
• The i is omitted in the third-person plural
ending of the verbs
decir
traer
conducir
traducir
Pretérito de verbos irregulares (3)
Ejemplos:
- ¿Qué trajeron Uds. ayer?
“What did you bring yesterday?”
- Trajimos las cestas.
“We brought the baskets.”
Pretérito de verbos irregulares (4)
Ejemplos:
- Ayer no viniste a clase. ¿Qué hiciste?
“You did not come to class yesterday. What did
you do?”
- Tuve que trabajar. ¿Hubo un examen?
“I had to work. Was there an exam?”
- No.
• The preterit of hay (impersonal form of haber) is hubo.
Pretérito de verbos irregulares (5)
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (1)
• When an indirect object pronoun and a direct
object pronoun are used together, the indirect
object pronoun always comes first.
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (2)
• With an infinitive, the pronouns can be placed
either before the conjugated verb or after the
infinitive.
Ana is going to give it to me.
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (3)
• With a present participle, the pronouns can be
placed either before the conjugated verb or
after the present participle.
She is saying it to you.
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (4)
• If both pronouns begin with l, the indirect
object pronoun (le or les) is changed to se.
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (5)
• For clarification, it is sometimes necessary to
add a él, a ella, a Ud., a Uds., a ellos, or a
ellas.
—¿A quién le dio la comida Ana?
“To whom did Ana give the meal?”
—Se la dio a él.
“She gave it to him.”
Los pronombres de complemento
directo e indirecto usados juntos (6)
• A proper name may also be given for
clarification.
Se la dio a Luis.
She gave it to Luis.
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (1)
• As you will recall, -ar and -er verbs with stem
changes in the present tense have no stem
changes in the preterit.
• However, -ir verbs with stem changes in the
present tense have stem changes in the thirdperson singular and plural forms of the
preterit (e > i and o > u), as shown below.
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (2)
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (3)
• Other -ir verbs that follow the same pattern
are
pedir (to order, to request)
seguir (to continue, to follow)
sentir(se) (to feel )
conseguir
divertirse (to have fun)
morir (to die)
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (4)
Ejemplos:
- ¿Qué te sirvieron en la cafetería?
“What did they serve you at the cafeteria?”
- Me sirvieron café y sándwiches.
“They served me coffee and sandwiches.”
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (5)
Ejemplos:
- ¿Cómo durmió Ud. anoche?
“How did you sleep last night?”
- Dormí muy bien.
“I slept very well.”
Los verbos con cambio radical en el
pretérito (6)
El imperfecto de indicativo (1)
• There are two simple past tenses in the
Spanish indicative: the preterit, which you
have been studying, and the imperfect.
• To form the imperfect, add the following
endings to the verb stem:
-AR: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
-ER/-IR: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
El imperfecto de indicativo (2)
• Note that the endings of the -er and -ir verbs
are the same.
• Observe the accent on the first-person plural
form of -ar verbs: hablábamos.
• Note also that there is a written accent on the
first í of the endings of the -er and -ir verbs.
El imperfecto de indicativo (3)
Ejemplos:
- Tú siempre te levantabas a las seis, ¿no?
“You always used to get up at six, didn’t you?”
- Sí, porque mis clases empezaban a las siete y
media y yo vivía lejos de allí.
“Yes, because my classes started at seventhirty and I lived far from there.”
El imperfecto de indicativo (4)
• Stem-changing verbs are regular in the
imperfect.
• Only three Spanish verbs are irregular in the
imperfect tense:
ser: era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
ir: iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
ver: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veías, veían
El imperfecto de indicativo (5)
Ejemplos:
- Cuando yo era chica, siempre iba a acampar
en el verano.
“When I was little, I always went camping in
the summer.”
- Nosotros íbamos también.
“We used to go too.”
El imperfecto de indicativo (6)
Ejemplos:
- ¿Cuándo veías a tus amigos?
“When did you see your friends?”
- Los veía sólo los sábados y los domingos.
“I used to see them only on Saturdays and
Sundays.”
El imperfecto de indicativo (7)
Uses of the imperfect
• The Spanish imperfect tense is equivalent to
three English forms.
1. I used to live in Caracas
2. I was living in Caracas Yo vivía en Caracas
3. I lived in Caracas
El imperfecto de indicativo (8)
• The imperfect is used to describe actions or
events that the speaker views as in the
process of happening in the past, with no
reference to when they began or ended.
Empezábamos a estudiar cuando él vino.
We were beginning to study when he came.
El imperfecto de indicativo (9)
• It is also used to refer to habitual or repeated
actions in the past, again with no reference to
when they began or ended.
—¿Uds. hablaban inglés cuando vivían en Bogotá?
“Did you speak English when you lived in Bogotá?”
—No, cuando vivíamos allí siempre hablábamos
español.
“No, when we lived there we always spoke Spanish.”
El imperfecto de indicativo (10)
El imperfecto de indicativo (11)
• It describes physical, mental, or emotional
conditions in the past.
Mi casa era muy grande. My house was very big.
No me gustaba estudiar. I didn’t like to study.
Yo no me sentía bien. I wasn’t feeling well.
El imperfecto de indicativo (12)
• It expresses time and age in the past.
- ¿Qué hora era?
- Eran las seis.
“What time was it?”
Julia tenía veinte años.
Julia was twenty years
old.
“It was six o’clock.”
El imperfecto de indicativo (13)
• The imperfect is used to describe or set the
stage in the past.
Mi novia era bonita. My girlfriend was pretty.
Era muy tarde.
It was very late.
La formación de los adverbios (1)
• Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding mente (the equivalent of the English -ly) to
the adjective.
General
Generalmente
Reciente
Recientemente
general
generally
recent
recently
La formación de los adverbios (2)
Ejemplos:
- ¿La fiesta de bienvenida es para Olga y sus
amigas?
“The welcome party is for Olga and her friends?”
- No, es especialmente para Olga.
“No, it’s especially for Olga.”
La formación de los adverbios (3)
• Adjectives ending in -o change the -o to -a
before adding -mente.
Lento
Lentamente
Rápido
Rápidamente
slow
slowly
rapid
rapidly
La formación de los adverbios (4)
La formación de los adverbios (5)
• If two or more adverbs are used together, both
change the –o to –a, but only the last one in the
sentence ends in -mente.
Ella habla clara y lentamente.
She speaks clearly and slowly.
• If the adjective has an accent mark, the adverb
retains it.
Fácil
easy
Fácilmente
easily